Table 2.
Cox-regression model for survival in Eastern Europe, crude and adjusted hazard ratios (24 months follow-up)
| Total (n = 740) | Crude HR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delayed diagnosis | ≥ 1 month (n = 480) | 1.36 (1.04–1.77) | 0.023 | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) | 0.103 |
| Gender | Male (n = 563) | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 0.032 | 1.38 (1.04–1.83) | 0.026 |
| Age | Age 18–49 (n = 694) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Age ≥ 50 (n = 46) | 0.92 (0.55–1.52) | 0.741 | |||
| Exposure group (HIV) | MSM (n = 10) | 0.49 (0.12–1.95) | 0.309 | ||
| IDU (n = 422) | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 0.173 | |||
| Heterosexual (n = 183) | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) | 0.255 | |||
| Known HIV positive | At baseline (n = 668) | 1.55 (0.96–2.50) | 0.074 | 1.43 (0.84–2.42) | 0.185 |
| Treatment history (HIV) | Naïve at TB diagnosisc (n = 558) | 1.04 (0.79–1.38) | 0.766 | ||
| ART at baselinec (n = 132) | 0.96 (0.70–1.31) | 0.795 | |||
| Cotrimoxazole at baseline (n = 273) | 1.22 (0.96–1.56) | 0.110 | |||
| CD4-cell count/mm3° | 0–199/mm3 (n = 440) | 2.17 (1.53–3.09) | 0.001 | 1.84 (1.27–2.68) | 0.001 |
| ≥ 200/mm3 (n = 185) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Missing CD4 (n = 115) | 2.17 (1.41–3.33) | 0.001 | 2.32 (1.47–3.66) | 0.001 | |
| Prior AIDS | Yes (n = 177) | 1.87 (1.45–2.41) | 0.001 | 1.69 (1.27–2.24) | 0.001 |
| Previous TB | Yes (n = 99) | 0.97 (0.68–1.39) | 0.880 | ||
| TB risk factor | Alcohol abuse (n = 186) | 1.32 (1.01–1.73) | 0.041 | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) | 0.158 |
| Recent TB in family (n = 53) | 0.84 (0.50–1.42) | 0.524 | |||
| Prison within the last 2 years (n = 143) | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | 0.493 | |||
| Clinical presentation of TB | Pulmonary (n = 239) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Extrapulmonary (n = 54) | 0.98 (0.51–1.88) | 0.957 | 0.86 (0.44–1.68) | 0.657 | |
| Disseminated (n = 447) | 2.31 (1.71–3.11) | 0.001 | 1.93 (1.38–2.69) | 0.001 | |
| TB symptoms at diagnosis | Cough (n = 501) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | 0.708 | ||
| Fever (n = 636) | 1.59 (1.07–2.37) | 0.022 | 1.41 (0.91–2.19) | 0.124 | |
| Weight loss (n = 445) | 1.70 (1.31–2.21) | 0.001 | 1.41 (1.05–1.88) | 0.022 | |
| Number of symptoms§ | None (n = 20) | Ref | Ref | ||
| One symptom (n = 133) | 0.89 (0.38–2.11) | 0.793 | |||
| Two symptoms (n = 312) | 1.12 (0.49–2.56) | 0.783 | |||
| Three symptoms (n = 275) | 1.58 (0.69–3.58) | 0.277 | |||
| Screening chest X-ray in pastd | Yes (n = 338) | 1.30 (1.02–1.66) | 0.034 | 1.27 (0.93–1.74) | 0.133 |
| Rifampicin resistance | Yes (n = 95) | 1.53 (1.12–2.10) | 0.007 | Omittedb | |
| MDR-TB | Yes (n = 88) | 2.61 (1.68–4.05) | 0.001 | 2.06 (1.06–4.01) | 0.033 |
| No (n = 148) | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| Missing (n = 504) | 1.84 (1.28–2.64) | 0.001 | 1.32 (0.68–2.57) | 0.407 | |
| Diagnosis | Definitive (n = 333) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Probable (n = 76) | 1.43 (0.97–2.11) | 0.074 | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) | 0.955 | |
| Presumptive (n = 331) | 1.03 (0.80–1.34) | 0.795 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.764 | |
| Hepatis B | HBsAg positive (n = 44)d | 0.95 (0.56–1.60) | 0.843 | ||
| Hepatitis C | Anti-HCV positive (n = 405)d | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 0.145 | ||
| Drug-susceptibility testing | At baseline (n = 236) | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 0.175 | ||
| Treatment with RHZ | At baseline (n = 591) | 0.81 (0.59–1.09) | 0.157 | ||
| Treatment with at least three active drugs | At baseline (n = 132) | 0.64 (0.46–0.91) | 0.014 | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | 0.344 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, MSM Men Who Have Sex with Men, IDU injecting drug use
Global Test Proportional Hazard Assumption p = 0.3689, individually all > 0.05
aAdjusted for diagnostic delay, gender, known HIV positive, CD4 cell count, prior aids, tb risk factor alcohol, clinical presentation (all), Tb symptoms (fever, weight loss), chest x-ray, MDR-TB, type of diagnosis, treatment with at least three active drugs, stratified by Center
bOmitted Rifampicin resistance in the multivariable model due to multicollinearity with MDR-TB
cThose not included in the categories “ART naïve at TB diagnosis” and”ART use at TB diagnosis” have previously received ART and interrupted their treatment
dThose with missing information for chest x-ray (n = 278), HBsAg (n = 215), Anti-HCV (n = 220) assumed negative
§ Index based on symptoms cough, fever, weight loss