Figure 2.

Causal directed information flow between hippocampus and PFC measured using PTE. a, The hippocampus showed higher causal directed information flow to the IFG (HIPP → IFG) during memory encoding and recall, compared with the reverse direction (IFG → HIPP) (n = 98). b, The hippocampus also showed higher causal directed information flow to the MFG (HIPP → MFG) during memory encoding and recall, than the reverse direction (MFG → HIPP) (n = 178). Only successfully recalled words are included. On each box, the middle mark indicates the median, and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend to the most extreme data points not considered outliers. ***p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA).