Figure 3.

Causal directed information flow from HIPP to PFC during memory encoding and recall, compared with resting state. a, The hippocampus showed higher causal directed information flow to the IFG (HIPP → IFG) during both memory encoding and memory recall, compared with resting-state baseline (n = 98). b, The hippocampus also showed higher causal directed information flow to the MFG (HIPP → MFG) during both memory encoding and memory recall, compared with resting-state baseline (n = 178). Only successfully recalled words are included. On each box, the middle mark indicates the median, and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend to the most extreme data points not considered outliers. ***p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA).