Figure 5.

Causal directed information flow from hippocampus to PFC in the delta-theta (0.5-8 Hz) frequency band. a, Causal directed information flow from hippocampus to IFG (HIPP → IFG) was greater during both memory encoding and recall, compared with the reverse direction (IFG → HIPP) (n = 98). b, Similarly, causal directed information flow from hippocampus to MFG (HIPP → MFG) was greater during both memory encoding and recall, compared with the reverse direction (MFG → HIPP) (n = 178). Only successfully recalled words are included. On each box, the middle mark indicates the median, and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend to the most extreme data points not considered outliers. ***p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA).