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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):615–626. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00139-3

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

CSF biomarkers of amyloid, tau and phosphorylated tau-related processes, astrogliosis/neuroinflammation, and neuronal, synaptic and axonal injury in adults with Down syndrome, carriers of ADAD mutations, and age-similar normal non-carrier controls. Biomarkers include: A) Aβ40, B) Aβ42, C) Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, D) tTau, E) pTau181, F) YKL-40, G) tTau/Aβ42 ratio, H) pTau181/Aβ42 ratio, I) log transformed NfL, J) VILIP-1, and K) SNAP-25. The central horizontal bar shows the median concentration, and the lower and upper boundaries show the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. The diamond symbol indicates the group mean. Groups include (left to right) ADAD mutation non-carriers (DIAN-NC), asymptomatic DS (aDS), symptomatic DS (sDS), asymptomatic ADAD mutation carriers (DIAN-aMC), and symptomatic ADAD mutation carriers (DIAN-sMC). Units are pg/mL for Aβ40, Aβ42, tTau, and pTau181 and ng/mL for YKL-40. Summary statistical differences among the groups are indicated by asterisks (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001). Absolute mean differences and associated p values are shown in Supplemental Table 3. Abbreviations: Aβ=amyloid-β; ADAD=autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease; CSF=cerebrospinal fluid; DIAN=Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network; DS=Down syndrome; MC=ADAD mutation carriers; NC=ADAD mutation non-carriers; NfL= neurofilament light chain; pTau=pTau181; SNAP-25=synaptosomal-associated protein 25; tTau=total tau; VILIP-1=visinin-like protein 1; and YKL40=chitinase-3-like protein 1.