Table 3.
Bivariate analysis for fetal outcomes (N=3278)
| Characteristics | No of stillbirths ((%) n=408) | No of live births ((%) n=2870) | P value |
| Age | |||
| 12–19 | 9 (11.1) | 72 (88.9) | 0.002 |
| 20–34 | 275 (11.3) | 2155 (88.7) | |
| 35–50 | 124 (16.2) | 643 (83.8) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 17 (12.2) | 122 (87.8) | 0.937 |
| Married | 391 (12.5) | 2748 (87.5) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed/housewife | 86 (15.3) | 477 (84.7) | 0.001 |
| Student | 17 (10.2) | 149 (89.8) | |
| Self-employed (petty-trader) | 174 (11.7) | 1319 (88.3) | |
| Self-employed (mid-high business) | 63 (17.7) | 294 (82.3) | |
| Employed | 68 (9.7) | 631 (90.3) | |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous (0) | 109 (9.7) | 1018 (90.3) | 0.001 |
| Multiparous (1–4) | 284 (13.7) | 1787 (86.3) | |
| Grand-multiparous (5 or more) | 15 (18.8) | 65 (81.2) | |
| No of gestations | |||
| Singleton | 373 (12.0) | 2739 (88.0) | 0.001 |
| Multiple | 35 (21.1) | 131 (78.9) | |
| Booking status | |||
| Booked | 81 (5.9) | 1299 (94.1) | <0.001 |
| Unbooked | 327 (17.2) | 1571 (82.8) | |
| Maternal complications | |||
| No maternal complication | 53 (38.1) | 86 (61.9) | <0.001 |
| Obstructed labour | 51 (5.2) | 939 (94.8) | |
| Haemorrhage | 144 (19.8) | 583 (80.2) | |
| Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia | 96 (10.4) | 827 (89.6) | |
| Sepsis | 29 (17.2) | 140 (82.8) | |
| Others | 35 (10.6) | 295 (89.4) | |
| Weekend travel to facility | |||
| Yes | 93 (12.2) | 669 (87.8) | 0.817 |
| No | 315 (12.5) | 2201 (87.5) | |
| Period of day of travel to the facility (n=2187) | |||
| Morning | 90 (11.2) | 711 (88.8) | 0.117 |
| Afternoon | 67 (11.5) | 515 (88.5) | |
| Evening | 56 (11.2) | 445 (88.8) | |
| Night | 49 (16.2) | 254 (83.8) | |
| Referral | |||
| Not referred | 242 (10.2) | 2142 (89.8) | <0.001 |
| Referred | 166 (18.6) | 728 (81.4) | |
| Referral facility (n=894) | |||
| Another hospital (public) | 24 (17.0) | 117 (83.0) | 0.002 |
| Another hospital (private | 42 (23.5) | 137 (76.5) | |
| Clinic (public or private) | 3 (4.6) | 63 (95.4) | |
| Primary health centre | 64 (16.4) | 326 (83.6) | |
| Traditional birth attendant | 27 (29.4) | 65 (70.6) | |
| Nursing/maternity home | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | |
| Non-formal referral | 5 (25.0) | 15 (75.0) | |
| Distance of travel from home directly to a hospital (n=2259‡) | |||
| Within 5 km | 83 (8.6) | 885 (91.4) | 0.057 |
| 5–10 km | 63 (12.4) | 447 (87.6) | |
| >10–15 km | 19 (8.0) | 220 (92.0) | |
| >15–20 km | 21 (15.3) | 116 (84.7) | |
| >20–25 km | 8 (8.9) | 82 (91.1) | |
| >25–30 km | 9 (10.1) | 80 (89.9) | |
| >30–35 km | 2 (3.5) | 55 (96.5) | |
| >35 km | 17 (10.1) | 152 (89.9) | |
| Distance of travel from home to initial facility for referred women (n=538†) | |||
| Within 5 km | 47 (18.7) | 205 (81.3) | 0.513 |
| 5–10 km | 16 (14.9) | 91 (85.1) | |
| >10–15 km | 12 (20.7) | 46 (79.3) | |
| >15–20 km | 9 (21.9) | 32 (78.1) | |
| >20–25 km | 3 (10.7) | 25 (89.3) | |
| >25–30 km | 2 (11.1) | 16 (88.9) | |
| >30–35 km | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | |
| >35 km | 6 (22.2) | 21 (77.8) | |
| Distance of travel from initial facility to final facility of care for referred women (n=538†) | |||
| Within 5 km | 37 (18.5) | 163 (81.5) | 0.408 |
| 5–10 km | 18 (14.5) | 106 (85.5) | |
| >10–15 km | 11 (17.2) | 53 (82.8) | |
| >15–20 km | 11 (22.0) | 39 (78.0) | |
| >20–25 km | 4 (12.5) | 28 (87.5) | |
| >25–30 km | 3 (14.3) | 18 (85.7) | |
| >30–35 km | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | |
| >35 km | 11 (28.2) | 28 (71.8) | |
| Total traceable distance for all women whose journeys were traceable (n=2797*) | |||
| Within 5 km | 98 (9.3) | 953 (90.7) | 0.038 |
| 5–10 km | 82 (13.2) | 539 (86.8) | |
| >10–15 km | 34 (11.2) | 270 (88.8) | |
| >15–20 km | 30 (15.5) | 164 (84.5) | |
| >20–25 km | 15 (10.3) | 131 (89.7) | |
| >25–30 km | 11 (9.1) | 110 (90.9) | |
| >30–35 km | 8 (9.4) | 77 (90.6) | |
| >35 km | 42 (15.3) | 233 (84.7) | |
| Time of travel from home directly to a hospital (N=2259‡) | |||
| 0–9 min | 27 (5.5) | 464 (94.5) | 0.009 |
| 10–29 min | 102 (11.4) | 794 (88.6) | |
| 30–59 min | 54 (10.8) | 447 (89.2) | |
| 60–119 min | 33 (10.4) | 284 (89.6) | |
| 120–480 min | 6 (11.1) | 48 (88.9) | |
| Time of travel from home to initial facility for referred women (n=538†) | |||
| 0–9 min | 24 (20.2) | 95 (79.8) | 0.116 |
| 10–29 min | 39 (18.8) | 168 (81.2) | |
| 30–59 min | 19 (14.7) | 110 (85.3) | |
| 60–119 min | 9 (13.8) | 56 (86.2) | |
| 120–480 min | 7 (38.9) | 11 (61.1) | |
| Time of travel from initial facility to final facility of care for referred women (n=538†) | |||
| 0–9 min | 16 (15.7) | 86 (84.3) | 0.275 |
| 10–29 min | 39 (20.0) | 156 (80.0) | |
| 30–59 min | 20 (13.8) | 125 (86.2) | |
| 60–119 min | 19 (23.2) | 63 (76.8) | |
| 120–480 min | 4 (28.6) | 10 (71.4) | |
| Total travel time for all women whose journeys were traceable (n=2797†) | |||
| 0–9 min | 29 (5.7) | 484 (94.3) | <0.001 |
| 10–29 min | 129 (12.7) | 891 (87.3) | |
| 30–59 min | 81 (12.4) | 571 (87.6) | |
| 60–119 min | 59 (12.2) | 425 (87.8) | |
| 120–480 min | 22 (17.2) | 106 (82.8) | |
Mode of birth was excluded from the bivariate analysis, as the outcome occurred before the birth.
*Excludes women whose journey from home to health facility could not be determined (n=125).
†Excludes women whose referral journey could not be determined (n=356).
‡Excludes women whose journey to facility could not be determined (n=134).