Table 4.
Logistic regression showing association between stillbirth and the selected independent variables (n=2797†)
| Factor | Unadjusted (95% CI) | Model I (95% CI) | Model II (95% CI) | Model III (95% CI) | Model IV (95% CI) |
| Booking status at hospital of care | |||||
| Unbooked | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Booked | 0.30 (0.23 to 0.39)*** | 0.39 (0.29 to 0.51)*** | 0.38 (0.28 to 0.51)*** | 0.38 (0.28 to 0.52)*** | 0.44 (0.33 to 0.61)*** |
| Maternal complications | |||||
| No maternal complication | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Obstructed labour | 0.09 (0.06 to 0.14)*** | 0.09 (0.06 to 0.14)*** | 0.08 (0.46 to 0.13)*** | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.13)*** | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.16)*** |
| Haemorrhage | 0.40 (0.27 to 0.59)*** | 0.31 (0.21 to 0.47)*** | 0.33 (0.21 to 0.52)*** | 0.32 (0.20 to 0.50)*** | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.49)*** |
| Hypertension | 0.19 (0.13 to 0.28)*** | 0.15 (0.10 to 0.23)*** | 0.16 (0.10 to 0.25)*** | 0.15 (0.09 to 0.24)*** | 0.17 (0.10 to 0.28)*** |
| Sepsis | 0.34 (0.20 to 0.57)*** | 0.32 (0.18 to 0.55)*** | 0.32 (0.17 to 0.60)*** | 0.32 (0.17 to 0.60)*** | 0.25 (0.13 to 0.47)*** |
| Others | 0.19 (0.12 to 0.31)*** | 0.18 (0.11 to 0.29)*** | 0.14 (0.08 to 0.26)*** | 0.14 (0.08 to 0.25)*** | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.27)*** |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed/housewife | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Student | 0.63 (0.36 to 1.10) | 0.87 (0.48 to 1.58) | 0.90 (0.47 to 1.74) | 0.89 (0.46 to 1.71) | 0.79 (0.40 to 1.55) |
| Self-employed (petty-trader) | 0.73 (0.55 to 0.97)* | 0.69 (0.52 to 0.93)* | 0.65 (0.46 to 0.92)* | 0.66 (0.47 to 0.93)* | 0.65 (0.46 to 0.92)* |
| Self-employed (mid-high business) | 1.19 (0.83 to 1.70) | 1.27 (0.87 to 1.85) | 1.32 (0.87 to 2.00) | 1.32 (0.87 to 2.00) | 1.36 (0.89 to 2.09) |
| Employed | 0.60 (0.43 to 0.84)** | 0.66 (0.46 to 0.95)* | 0.70 (0.47 to 1.05) | 0.70 (0.47 to 1.05) | 0.69 (0.45 to 1.04) |
| No of gestations | |||||
| Singleton | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Multiple | 1.96 (1.33 to 2.89)*** | 2.16 (1.41 to 3.29)*** | 2.57 (1.60 to 4.13)*** | 2.48 (1.54 to 3.97)*** | 3.09 (1.88 to 5.06)*** |
| Parity | |||||
| Nulliparous (0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Multiparous (1–4) | 1.48 (1.17 to 1.88)** | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.40) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.29) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.29) | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.22) |
| Grand-multiparous (5 or more) | 2.16 (1.19 to 3.91)* | 1.43 (0.76 to 2.72) | 1.70 (0.84 to 3.47) | 1.70 (0.83 to 3.46) | 1.69 (0.82 to 3.48) |
| Age | |||||
| 12–19 | 0.98 (0.48 to 1.98) | 0.90 (0.42 to 1.93) | 0.72 (0.29 to 1.81) | 0.77 (0.31 to 1.93) | 0.73 (0.29 to 1.84) |
| 20–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35–60 | 1.51 (1.20 to 1.90)*** | 1.42 (1.10 to 1.84)** | 1.49 (1.12 to 1.99)** | 1.50 (1.13 to 2.00)** | 1.51 (1.13 to 2.02)** |
| Referral | |||||
| Self-referral (home to referral hospital) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Institutional referral | 2.02 (1.63 to 2.50)*** | 1.42 (1.12 to 1.81)** | 1.46 (1.08 to 1.97)* | 1.42 (1.05 to 1.93)* | 1.55 (1.13 to 2.12)** |
| Total distance to hospital of care | |||||
| Within 5 km | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 5–10 km | 1.48 (1.08 to 2.02)* | 1.21 (0.87 to 1.69) | 0.95 (0.64 to 1.41) | ||
| >10–15 km | 1.22 (0.81 to 1.85) | 0.98 (0.63 to 1.53) | 0.73 (0.41 to 1.30) | ||
| >15–20 km | 1.78 (1.14 to 2.77)* | 1.12 (0.69 to 1.82) | 0.82 (0.43 to 1.56) | ||
| >20–25 km | 1.11 (0.63 to 1.98) | 0.72 (0.39 to 1.32) | 0.53 (0.24 to 1.17) | ||
| >25–30 km | 0.97 (0.51 to 1.87) | 0.61 (0.31 to 1.21) | 0.43 (0.18 to 1.05) | ||
| >30–35 km | 1.01 (0.47 to 2.15) | 0.60 (0.27 to 1.33) | 0.42 (0.15 to 1.16) | ||
| >35 km | 1.75 (1.19 to 2.59)** | 1.19 (0.78 to 1.83) | 0.77 (0.34 to 1.73) | ||
| Total travel time to hospital of care | |||||
| 0–9 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 10–29 min | 2.42 (1.59 to 3.67)*** | 2.02 (1.30 to 3.13)** | 2.25 (1.40 to 3.63)*** | ||
| 30–59 min | 2.37 (1.52 to 3.68)*** | 1.65 (1.03 to 2.63)* | 2.30 (1.22 to 4.34)** | ||
| 60–119 min | 2.32 (1.46 to 3.68)*** | 1.35 (0.82 to 2.23) | 2.35 (1.05 to 5.25)* | ||
| 120–480 min | 3.46 (1.92 to 6.27)*** | 1.83 (0.95 to 3.51) | 2.68 (0.95 to 7.55) | ||
Footnote (Model description): Model I: adjusted for all variables in the model including sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics; Model II: adjusted for all variables in the model including sociodemographic, obstetric and characteristics related to travel distance for all women whose journey from home to hospital could be traced; Model III: adjusted for all variables in the model including sociodemographic, obstetric and characteristics related to time of travel for all women whose journey from home to hospital could be traced; Model IV: adjusted for all variables in the model including sociodemographic, obstetric, distance and time of travel characteristics for all women whose journey from home to hospital could be traced.
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Excludes women whose journey to hospital could not be determined (n=415).