Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 37,079 patients with cardiovascular disease in UK Biobank.
| Characteristics | Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
<25 nmol/L
(n = 5,773) |
25–49.9 nmol/L
(n = 15,557) |
50–74.9 nmol/L
(n = 11,451) |
≥75 nmol/L
(n = 4,298) |
|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 59.8 (7.0) | 61.2 (6.4) | 62.1 (6.0) | 62.2 (6.0) |
| Male, n (%) | 3,604 (62.4%) | 10,101 (64.9%) | 7,754 (67.7%) | 2,952 (68.7%) |
| Socioeconomic status, median (IQR) | 0.2 (−2.6 to 3.3) | −1.4 (−3.3 to 1.8) | −2.2 (−3.7 to 0.4) | −2.4 (−3.7 to −0.1) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| College or university | 1,244 (21.5%) | 3,569 (22.9%) | 2,513 (21.9%) | 934 (21.7%) |
| Vocational qualification | 750 (13.0%) | 2,233 (14.4%) | 1,717 (15.0%) | 628 (14.6%) |
| Upper secondary | 527 (9.1%) | 1,316 (8.5%) | 982 (8.6%) | 350 (8.1%) |
| Lower secondary | 1,239 (21.5%) | 3,444 (22.1%) | 2,585 (22.6%) | 1,039 (24.2%) |
| Others | 1,880 (32.6%) | 4,717 (30.3%) | 3,463 (30.2%) | 1,272 (29.6%) |
| Unknown | 133 (2.3%) | 278 (1.8%) | 191 (1.7%) | 75 (1.7%) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| White | 4,946 (85.7%) | 14,675 (94.3%) | 11,179 (97.6%) | 4,247 (98.8%) |
| Mixed | 47 (0.8%) | 78 (0.5%) | 24 (0.2%) | 7 (0.2%) |
| Asian | 464 (8.0%) | 323 (2.1%) | 79 (0.7%) | 16 (0.4%) |
| Black | 154 (2.7%) | 240 (1.5%) | 66 (0.6%) | 12 (0.3%) |
| Chinese | 19 (0.3%) | 26 (0.2%) | 10 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Others | 97 (1.7%) | 131 (0.8%) | 45 (0.4%) | 5 (0.1%) |
| Unknown | 46 (0.8%) | 84 (0.5%) | 48 (0.4%) | 11 (0.3%) |
| Household income, £ | ||||
| <18,000 | 2,295 (39.8%) | 5,051 (32.5%) | 3,446 (30.1%) | 1,232 (28.7%) |
| 18,000–30,999 | 1,090 (18.9%) | 3,533 (22.7%) | 2,767 (24.2%) | 1,061 (24.7%) |
| 31,000–51,999 | 725 (12.6%) | 2,366 (15.2%) | 1,960 (17.1%) | 744 (17.3%) |
| 52,000–100,000 | 434 (7.5%) | 1,417 (9.1%) | 1,054 (9.2%) | 419 (9.7%) |
| >100,000 | 89 (1.5%) | 357 (2.3%) | 273 (2.4%) | 131 (3.0%) |
| Unknown | 1,140 (19.7%) | 2,833 (18.2%) | 1,951 (17.0%) | 711 (16.5%) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never smoker | 2,119 (36.7%) | 6,342 (40.8%) | 4,843 (42.3%) | 1,796 (41.8%) |
| Former smoker | 2,356 (40.8%) | 7,168 (46.1%) | 5,564 (48.6%) | 2,154 (50.1%) |
| Current smoker | 1,238 (21.4%) | 1,947 (12.5%) | 935 (8.2%) | 312 (7.3%) |
| Unknown | 60 (1.0%) | 100 (0.6%) | 109 (1.0%) | 36 (0.8%) |
| Alcohol consumption, median (IQR), g/day | 8.0 (0–23.1) | 10.2 (2.2–22.4) | 11.9 (3.6–23.0) | 13.0 (5.1–25.5) |
| Adherence to a healthy diet*, n (%) | 1,130 (19.6%) | 3,118 (20.0%) | 2,501 (21.8%) | 981 (22.8%) |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| Inactive group | 1,619 (28.0%) | 3,360 (21.6%) | 1,850 (16.2%) | 640 (14.9%) |
| Insufficient group | 1,617 (28.0%) | 4,136 (26.6%) | 2,876 (25.1%) | 960 (22.3%) |
| Active group | 1,903 (33.0%) | 6,738 (43.3%) | 5,935 (51.8%) | 2,457 (57.2%) |
| Unknown | 634 (11.0%) | 1,323 (8.5%) | 790 (6.9%) | 241 (5.6%) |
| Dietary supplement use, n (%) | ||||
| Vitamin D supplements | 104 (1.8%) | 434 (2.8%) | 517 (4.5%) | 261 (6.1%) |
| Multivitamin supplements | 489 (8.5%) | 2,262 (14.5%) | 2,508 (21.9%) | 1,049 (24.4%) |
| Mineral supplements | 472 (8.2%) | 1,406 (9.0%) | 1,477 (12.9%) | 711 (16.5%) |
| Fish oil | 926 (16.0%) | 4,302 (27.7%) | 4,701 (41.1%) | 1,935 (45.0%) |
| Glucosamine | 470 (8.1%) | 2,065 (13.3%) | 2,250 (19.6%) | 889 (20.7%) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 30.4 (6.2) | 29.6 (5.2) | 28.5 (4.5) | 27.4 (4.0) |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 3,638 (63.0%) | 9,522 (61.2%) | 6,767 (59.1%) | 2,517 (58.6%) |
| Cholesterol lowering medication, n (%) | 4,173 (72.3%) | 11,084 (71.2%) | 8,162 (71.3%) | 3,217 (74.8%) |
| Diabetes medication use, n (%) | ||||
| None | 4,747 (82.2%) | 13,590 (87.4%) | 10,480 (91.5%) | 4,001 (93.1%) |
| Only oral medication | 668 (11.6%) | 1,298 (8.3%) | 687 (6.0%) | 191 (4.4%) |
| Only insulin | 154 (2.7%) | 285 (1.8%) | 124 (1.1%) | 59 (1.4%) |
| Insulin and oral medication | 204 (3.5%) | 384 (2.5%) | 160 (1.4%) | 47 (1.1%) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4,823 (83.5%) | 12,736 (81.9%) | 9,093 (79.4%) | 3,397 (79.0%) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1,507 (26.1%) | 2,981 (19.2%) | 1,561 (13.6%) | 471 (11.0%) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 733 (12.7%) | 2,024 (13.0%) | 1,579 (13.8%) | 633 (14.7%) |
| Duration of CVD, years, n (%) | ||||
| <1 | 613 (10.6%) | 1,879 (12.1%) | 1,459 (12.7%) | 528 (12.3%) |
| 1–4.9 | 1,699 (29.4%) | 4,735 (30.4%) | 3,593 (31.4%) | 1,377 (32.0%) |
| 5–9.9 | 1,583 (27.4%) | 4,245 (27.3%) | 3,075 (26.9%) | 1,156 (26.9%) |
| ≥10 | 1,878 (32.5%) | 4,698 (30.2%) | 3,324 (29.0%) | 1,237 (28.8%) |
| eGFRcr-cys, mean (SD), ml min−1 per 1.73 m2 | 81.5 (17.9) | 81.8 (16.4) | 82.1 (15.1) | 82.2 (15.2) |
| C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | 2.1 (1.0–4.5) | 1.7 (0.8–3.5) | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) |
Data were expressed as the mean (SD), median (IQR), or n (%).
*
Adherence to a healthy diet was defined as participants who had at least 5 score of healthy diet components.
BMI, body mass index; eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation); CVD, cardiovascular disease; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.