Table 2.
Adjusted means of cardiometabolic markers according to serum 25(OH)D concentrations among 37,079 CVD patients.
| Characteristics | Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L | P trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
<25.0 nmol/L
(n = 5,773) |
25.0–49.9 nmol/L
(n = 15,557) |
50.0–74.9 nmol/L
(n = 11,451) |
≥75.0 nmol/L
(n = 4,298) |
||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 185.6 (183.2, 187.9) | 171.4 (170.0, 172.8) | 159.2 (157.6, 160.9) | 138.7 (136.0, 141.4) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 181.0 (180.2, 181.9) | 176.4 (175.9, 176.9) | 173.5 (172.9, 174.1) | 166.5 (165.5, 167.5) | <0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 47.2 (46.9, 47.4) | 46.5 (46.4, 46.7) | 46.8 (46.6, 47.0) | 46.9 (46.5, 47.2) | 0.721 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 109.9 (109.2, 110.5) | 107.3 (106.9, 107.7) | 105.3 (104.9, 105.8) | 100.2 (99.5, 101.0) | <0.001 |
| Lipoprotein(a), nmol/L | 47.9 (46.3, 49.5) | 48.9 (47.9, 49.8) | 47.3 (46.2, 48.3) | 46.4 (44.6, 48.2) | 0.048 |
| Apolipoprotein-A, g/L | 1.45 (1.44, 1.46) | 1.44 (1.43, 1.44) | 1.44 (1.44, 1.44) | 1.43 (1.42, 1.43) | <0.001 |
| Apolipoprotein-B, g/L | 0.92 (0.91, 0.92) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.90) | 0.88 (0.88, 0.89) | 0.84 (0.84, 0.85) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 139.6 (139.1, 140.0) | 138.9 (138.7, 139.2) | 138.6 (138.3, 138.9) | 137.7 (137.2, 138.2) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80.9 (80.7, 81.2) | 80.3 (80.1, 80.5) | 80.3 (80.1, 80.4) | 79.7 (79.4, 80.0) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 40.0 (39.8, 40.2) | 39.5 (39.4, 39.6) | 39.2 (39.1, 39.4) | 39.0 (38.8, 39.2) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.5 (3.4, 3.7) | 3.2 (3.1, 3.2) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 3.2 (3.0, 3.3) | <0.001 |
| eGFRcr-cys, ml min−1 per 1.73 m2 | 81.9 (81.6, 82.3) | 82.0 (81.8, 82.2) | 82.0 (81.7, 82.2) | 81.2 (80.8, 81.6) | 0.03 |
Data were expressed as the adjusted mean (95% CI) and adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), ethnicity (White, mixed, Asian, Black, Chinese, others, or unknown), education (college or university, vocational qualification, upper secondary, lower secondary, others, or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (in quintiles), household income (<18,000, 18,000–30,999, 31,000–51,999, 52,000–1,00,000, >1,00,000 £, or unknown), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker, or unknown), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, ≥30.0 g/day, or unknown), physical activity (inactive group, insufficient group, active group, or unknown), healthy diet score (in quintiles), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2), antihypertensive medication use (yes, no), cholesterol lowering medication use (yes, no), diabetes medication use (none, only oral medication, only insulin, or insulin and oral medication), history of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and duration of CVD (<1.0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–9.9, or ≥10.0 years). CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation); HbA1C, glycated hemoglobinA1c.