Table 3.

Associations of serum 25(OH)D concentrations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among 37,079 CVD patients.

	Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L				Per 10 nmol/L increment in 25(OH)D
	<25.0 nmol/L (n = 5,773)	25.0–49.9 nmol/L (n = 15,557)	50.0–74.9 nmol/L (n = 11,451)	≥75.0 nmol/L (n = 4,298)	Patients with 25(OH)D <50.0 nmol/L (n = 21,331)	Patients with 25(OH)D ≥50.0 nmol/L (n = 15,749)
All-cause mortality
Incident rate per 1,000 person-year (cases)	21.99 (1,368)	15.55 (2,687)	13.04 (1,679)	12.11 (585)	17.26 (4,055)	12.79 (2,264)
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.61 (0.58, 0.66)	0.47 (0.44, 0.51)	0.43 (0.39, 0.48)	0.78 (0.76, 0.80)	0.97 (0.94, 0.996)
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.75 (0.70, 0.80)	0.65 (0.60, 0.70)	0.61 (0.56, 0.68)	0.86 (0.83, 0.89)	0.98 (0.95, 1.01)
Model 3	1 (ref.)	0.78 (0.73, 0.84)	0.70 (0.65, 0.76)	0.66 (0.59, 0.73)	0.88 (0.85, 0.90)	0.98 (0.95, 1.002)
Cardiovascular disease mortality
Incident rate per 1,000 person-year (cases)	7.76 (483)	5.41 (935)	4.44 (571)	3.56 (172)	6.03 (1,418)	4.20 (743)
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.61 (0.55, 0.68)	0.46 (0.41, 0.52)	0.37 (0.31, 0.44)	0.80 (0.76, 0.84)	0.92 (0.88, 0.97)
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.75 (0.67, 0.84)	0.64 (0.56, 0.72)	0.53 (0.44, 0.64)	0.88 (0.84, 0.93)	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)
Model 3	1 (ref.)	0.79 (0.71, 0.89)	0.71 (0.63, 0.81)	0.59 (0.49, 0.70)	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	0.93 (0.89, 0.98)
Cancer mortality
Incident rate per 1,000 person-year (cases)	6.65 (414)	5.57 (962)	4.84 (623)	4.78 (231)	5.86 (1,376)	4.82 (854)
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.71 (0.64, 0.80)	0.57 (0.50, 0.65)	0.55 (0.47, 0.65)	0.83 (0.78, 0.87)	0.99 (0.95, 1.04)
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.86 (0.77, 0.97)	0.75 (0.66, 0.86)	0.74 (0.63, 0.88)	0.90 (0.85, 0.95)	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)
Model 3	1 (ref.)	0.88 (0.79, 0.995)	0.78 (0.69, 0.89)	0.77 (0.65, 0.91)	0.90 (0.86, 0.95)	1.00 (0.95, 1.04)
Respiratory disease mortality
Incident rate per 1,000 person-year (cases)	2.60 (162)	1.51 (261)	1.10 (141)	1.22 (59)	1.80 (423)	1.13 (200)
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.50 (0.41, 0.61)	0.33 (0.27, 0.42)	0.37 (0.27, 0.50)	0.68 (0.62, 0.75)	1.06 (0.98, 1.15)
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.69 (0.57, 0.85)	0.53 (0.42, 0.67)	0.59 (0.43, 0.81)	0.80 (0.72, 0.88)	1.07 (0.98, 1.16)
Model 3	1 (ref.)	0.72 (0.59, 0.89)	0.58 (0.46, 0.74)	0.64 (0.47, 0.87)	0.81 (0.74, 0.90)	1.06 (0.97, 1.15)
Other mortality
Incident rate per 1,000 person-year (cases)	4.97 (309)	3.06 (529)	2.67 (344)	2.55 (123)	3.57 (838)	2.64 (467)
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.54 (0.47, 0.63)	0.44 (0.38, 0.51)	0.42 (0.34, 0.51)	0.73 (0.68, 0.78)	0.96 (0.90, 1.02)
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.65 (0.56, 0.75)	0.58 (0.50, 0.69)	0.57 (0.46, 0.71)	0.80 (0.74, 0.85)	0.96 (0.90, 1.02)
Model 3	1 (ref.)	0.67 (0.58, 0.77)	0.64 (0.54, 0.75)	0.62 (0.50, 0.77)	0.81 (0.76, 0.87)	0.95 (0.90, 1.02)

Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), and ethnicity (White, mixed, Asian, Black, Chinese, others, or unknown).

Model 2: adjusted for model 1 plus education (college or university, vocational qualification, upper secondary, lower secondary, others, or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (in quintiles), household income (<18,000, 18,000–30,999, 31,000–51,999, 52,000–1,00,000, >1,00,000 £, or unknown), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker, or unknown), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, ≥30.0 g/day, or unknown), physical activity (inactive group, insufficient group, active group, or unknown), healthy diet score (in quintiles), and BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m²).

Model 3: adjusted for model 2 plus eGFRcr-cys (<30.0, 30.0–60.0, 60.0–90.0, ≥90.0 ml min⁻¹ per 1.73 m²), C-reactive protein (in quintiles), antihypertensive medication use (yes, no), cholesterol lowering medication use (yes, no), diabetes medication use (none, only oral medication, only insulin, or insulin and oral medication), history of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and duration of CVD (<1.0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–9.9, or ≥10.0 years). BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation).