Table 4.
Hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by serum 25(OH)D among patients with CVD subtypes.
| Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident rate per 1,000 person-year | <25.0 nmol/L | 25.0–49.9 nmol/L | 50.0–74.9 nmol/L | ≥75.0 nmol/L | |
| Coronary heart disease (n = 26,359) | |||||
| All-cause mortality | 15.86 | 1 (ref.) | 0.79 (0.73, 0.85) | 0.70 (0.64, 0.77) | 0.67 (0.60, 0.76) |
| CVD mortality | 5.69 | 1 (ref.) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) | 0.70 (0.6, 0.81) | 0.59 (0.48, 0.72) |
| Cancer mortality | 5.39 | 1 (ref.) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.002) |
| Respiratory disease mortality | 1.58 | 1 (ref.) | 0.70 (0.56, 0.89) | 0.59 (0.44, 0.77) | 0.60 (0.41, 0.87) |
| Other-cause mortality | 3.19 | 1 (ref.) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.78) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) | 0.66 (0.51, 0.85) |
| Atrial fibrillation (n = 6,914) | |||||
| All-cause mortality | 18.06 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.94) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) | 0.73 (0.58, 0.91) |
| CVD mortality | 7.19 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.03) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.03) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.01) |
| Cancer mortality | 5.37 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.08) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.04) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.11) |
| Respiratory disease mortality | 1.65 | 1 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.58, 1.60) | 0.75 (0.41, 1.34) | 0.99 (0.49, 2.02) |
| Other-cause mortality | 3.84 | 1 (ref.) | 0.76 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.76 (0.53, 1.10) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.04) |
| Heart failure (n = 2,133) | |||||
| All-cause mortality | 37.05 | 1 (ref.) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) | 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) | 0.61 (0.45, 0.82) |
| CVD mortality | 19.12 | 1 (ref.) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.09) | 0.65 (0.43, 0.996) |
| Cancer mortality | 7.27 | 1 (ref.) | 0.81 (0.49, 1.33) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | 0.56 (0.27, 1.17) |
| Respiratory disease mortality | 4.20 | 1 (ref.) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.97) | 0.61 (0.32, 1.18) | 0.69 (0.30, 1.56) |
| Other-cause mortality | 6.47 | 1 (ref.) | 1.14 (0.72, 1.81) | 0.85 (0.48, 1.50) | 0.79 (0.38, 1.62) |
| Stroke (n = 8,059) | |||||
| All-cause mortality | 17.07 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) | 0.69 (0.59, 0.80) | 0.59 (0.48, 0.73) |
| CVD mortality | 5.43 | 1 (ref.) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.96) | 0.45 (0.29, 0.70) |
| Cancer mortality | 6.23 | 1 (ref.) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.97) |
| Respiratory disease mortality | 1.65 | 1 (ref.) | 0.62 (0.40, 0.94) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.04) | 0.70 (0.39, 1.28) |
| Other-cause mortality | 3.75 | 1 (ref.) | 0.65 (0.49, 0.86) | 0.52 (0.38, 0.73) | 0.58 (0.38, 0.90) |
Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) and adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), ethnicity (White, mixed, Asian, Black, Chinese, others, or unknown), education (college or university, vocational qualification, upper secondary, lower secondary, others, or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (in quintiles), household income (<18,000, 18,000–30,999, 31,000–51,999, 52,000–1,00,000, >1,00,000 £, or unknown), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker, or unknown), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, ≥30.0 g/day, or unknown), physical activity (inactive group, insufficient group, active group, or unknown), healthy diet score (in quintiles), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2), eGFRcr-cys (<30.0, 30.0–60.0, 60.0–90.0, ≥90.0 ml min−1 per 1.73 m2), C-reactive protein (in quintiles), antihypertensive medication use (yes, no), cholesterol lowering medication use (yes, no), diabetes medication use (none, only oral medication, only insulin, or insulin and oral medication), history of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and duration of CVD (<1.0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–9.9, or ≥10.0 years). BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation).