Table 1.
Patient demographics and clinical profile of the study population.
| Characteristic | Overall cohorta (n=114) | Phase 2b (n=33) | Phase 3c (n=45) | Phase 4d (n=36) | P value | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 66.5 (60.8-71.3) | 67 (56-71) | 66 (61-71) | 67 (61.3-72) | .74 | ||||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 79 (69.3) | 20 (60.6) | 31 (68.9) | 28 (77.8) | .30 | ||||
| ASAe score, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
.19 | ||||
|
|
I | 1 (0.9) | 1 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
|
|||
|
|
II | 38 (33.3) | 11 (33.3) | 19 (42.2) | 8 (22.2) |
|
|||
|
|
III | 75 (65.8) | 21 (63.6) | 26 (57.8) | 28 (77.8) |
|
|||
| Prehabilitation, n (%) | 63 (55.3) | 21 (63.6) | 19 (42.2) | 23 (63.9) | .08 | ||||
| Surgical approach, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
.01 | ||||
|
|
Laparoscopic | 40 (35.1) | 13 (39.4) | 12 (26.7) | 15 (41.7) |
|
|||
|
|
Laparoscopic converted open | 5 (4.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (13.9) |
|
|||
|
|
Open | 69 (60.5) | 20 (60.6) | 33 (73.3) | 16 (44.4) |
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|||
| Type of surgery, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
.42 | ||||
|
|
Hepatic | 92 (80.7) | 25 (75.8) | 39 (86.7) | 28 (77.8) |
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|||
|
|
Pancreatic | 22 (19.3) | 9 (24.2) | 6 (13.3) | 8 (22.2) |
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|||
| Placement of ON-Q PainBuster (yes), n (%) | 76 (66.7) | 20 (60.6) | 33 (73.3) | 23 (63.9) | .46 | ||||
| Abdominal drains, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
.49 | ||||
|
|
0 | 31 (27.2) | 12 (36.4) | 13 (28.9) | 6 (16.7) |
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|||
|
|
1 | 69 (60.5) | 17 (51.5) | 27 (60.0) | 25 (69.4) |
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|||
|
|
2 | 13 (11.4) | 4 (12.1) | 4 (8.9) | 5 (13.9) |
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|||
|
|
3 | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | 0 (0) |
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|||
aOverall cohort refers to the study population from phases 2 to 4. Study demographics are not shown for phase 1 patients.
bPhase 2 refers to the period during CPIP implementation (May 2019 to September 2019).
cPhase 3 refers to the sustainability phase post-CPIP but before the COVID-19 pandemic (October 2019 to March 2020).
dPhase 4 refers to the sustainability phase post-CPIP during the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020 to September 2020).
eASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.