Table 2.
Study population outcomes.
| Characteristic | Overall cohorta (n=114) | Phase 2b (n=33) | Phase 3c (n=45) | Phase 4d (n=36) | P value | ||
| Operating time (min), median (IQR) | 338 (240-489) | 248 (178-379) | 285 (228-353) | 350 (259-456) | .01 | ||
| Blood transfusion (yes), n (%) | 20 (17.5) | 5 (15.2) | 6 (13.3) | 9 (25.0) | .36 | ||
| Length of hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 6 (5-11.8) | 6 (4-8) | 6 (5-8) | 6.5 (4-17) | .79 | ||
| Pain score, mean (SD) |
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PODe 1 | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.5) | .98 | |
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POD 2 | 1.8 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.8) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.3) | .01 | |
| Ambulated ≥30 m on POD 2 (yes), n (%) | 93 (81.6) | 24 (72.7) | 40 (88.9) | 29 (80.6) | .19 | ||
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Actual distance walked (m), median (IQR) | 50 (30-100) | 40 (21-100) | 70 (45-100) | 50 (30-100) | .16 | |
| Reasons for failing to achieve target ambulation (n=21), n (%) | .51 | ||||||
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Pain | 6 (28.6) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (28.6) |
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Lethargy/giddiness | 5 (23.8) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (14.3) |
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Nausea | 2 (9.5) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) |
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Hypotension/tachycardia | 2 (9.5) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (14.3) |
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Medical instructions (postchest tube removal) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
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Local protocols (ongoing blood transfusion) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (14.3) |
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Admitted to ICUf | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (28.6) |
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| Morbidity, n (%) |
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Falls | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/Ag | |
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Pneumonia | 6 (5.3) | 2 (6.1) | 1 (2.2) | 3 (8.3) | .46 | |
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Deep vein thrombosis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | |
aOverall cohort refers to the study population from phases 2 to 4. Study demographics are not shown for phase 1 patients.
bPhase 2 refers to the period during CPIP implementation (May 2019 to September 2019).
cPhase 3 refers to the sustainability phase post-CPIP but before the COVID-19 pandemic (October 2019 to March 2020).
dPhase 4 refers to the sustainability phase post-CPIP during the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020 to September 2020).
ePOD: postoperative day.
fICU: intensive care unit.
gN/A: not applicable.