Table 2.

The anti-cancer effects of OSW-1 in vivo tumor bearing animal models.

References	Animal models		Dose, duration and route of administration	Observations and results	Mechanisms of action
(36)	Human breast cancer cell	MDA-MB-231 xenograft model	0.01 mg/kg diluted in 100 μL PBS, daily, 20 days, ip	Reduction of tumor size and weight, Ki67↓, PCNA↓	Inhibits tumor growth
		MDA-MB-231 orthotopic model	0.01 mg/kg diluted in 100 μL PBS, until the tumors in control group reach 1.0 cm, continue injecting OSW-1 for 1 week, ip	Fewer metastatic nodules in lungs and longer survival, E-cadherin↑ and ↓ Vimentin	Inhibits metastasis mediated by EMT
		knockdown NFATc2 model	0.01 mg/kg diluted in 100 μL PBS, daily, 20 days, ip	Knocking down of NFATc2 using shRNA significantly rescues TNBC cells from OSW-1-mediated effects on cell death, tumor growth, invasion and migration	NFATc2 is involved in OSW-1 inhibition of TNBC progression.
(8)	Human colon cancer cell	LoVo xenograft model	0.01 mg/kg diluted in PBS in 500 µl, daily, 21 days, ip	Reduction of tumor size and weight, no apparent side effects, ki-67↓, no necrotic foci, induce apoptosis	Suppressing colon tumor proliferation without significant side effects through the apoptosis pathway
(10)	Mouse P388 leukemia cell	P388 cell intraperitoneal implantation model	0.01 mg/kg, one time, N/A	Increased life span of 59%	N/A

NA, Not available; ↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation; i.p., intraperitoneal administration.