Table 1.
Demographic characteristic, dietary intake data, zinc and copper status in hemodialysis patients.
| Variable | All patients | Adequate Zn intake | Inadequate Zn intake |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56 ± 15 | 56 ± 14 | 53 ± 15 |
| Gender (M/F) n (%) | 31/9 (78/22%) | 15/3 | 16/6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.49 ± 3.76 | 25.09 ± 4.12 | 24.62 ± 3.44 |
| HD duration (years) | 5 (2–11.5) | 3.5 (2–5) | 5 (2–11) |
| Smokers/non-smokers n (%) | 17/23 (42/58%) | 9/9 | 8/14 |
| Dietary zinc intake (mg/day) | 9.35 ± 3.38 | 12.13 ± 2.56 | 7.07 ± 1.95*** |
| M (RDI in HD 10-15 mg/day) | 12.63 ± 2.49 | ||
| F (RDI in HD 8-12 mg/day) | 9.63 ± 2.10 | ||
| M <10 mg/day n (%) | 16/31 (52%) | ||
| F <8 mg/day n (%) | 6/9 (67%) | ||
| Dietary copper intake (μg/day) | 629 (425–774) | 664 (512–799) | 525 (402–749) |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,858 (1,687–2,177) | 2,093 ± 420 | 1822 ± 232* |
| Protein (g/day) | 72.0 (59.0–87.7) | 87.7 (78.9– 99.8) | 63.6 (55.8–72.8)** |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 230 ± 45 | 233 ± 62 | 228 ± 26 |
| Total fiber (g/day) | 19.5± 5.9 | 19.18 ± 5.33 | 19.77 ± 6.44 |
| Fats (g/day) | 79.8 ± 24.1 | 89.1 ± 18.5 | 70.9 ± 22.9** |
| SFA (g/day) | 30.77 ± 12.04 | 38.42 ± 10.71 | 27.72 ± 11.25** |
| MUFA (g/day) | 24.84± 7.57 | 31.06 ± 6.67 | 23.82 ± 9.11* |
| Dietary PUFA intake (g/day) | 15.53 (8.72–20.00) | 16.60 (9.07–19.96) | 15.20 (7.18–26.02) |
| n−3 PUFA (g/day) | 0.581 (0.507–0.836) | 0.687 (0.560–0.942) | 0.528 (0.394–0.688)* |
| n-6 PUFA (g/day) | 12.60 ± 6.88 | 12.85 ± 5.96 | 12.39 ± 7.68 |
| n-6/n-3 | 17.86 (10.16–29.00) | 19.12 (10.20–27.07) | 16.70 (10.12–36.72) |
| Serum | |||
| Zinc (μg/dL) | 38.8 ± 7.72 | 35.2 ± 5.4 | 39.8 ± 9.3 |
| Serum zinc deficiency | |||
| (<60 μg/dL) n (%) | 40 (100 %) | ||
| Correlation: Zn intake/status | r = −0.200 | ||
| p = 0.211 | |||
| Copper (μg/dL) | 973 (930–1,191) | 1,037 (719–1,108) | 980 (930–1,086) |
| Cu/Zn ratio | 2.76 ± 0.68 | 2.85 ± 0.68 | 2.56 ± 0.51 |
Continuous variables are shown as means ± SD for a normal distribution or medians (interquartile range) for a non-normal distribution. HD, hemodialysis; RDI, recommended daily intake; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; Cu, copper; Zn, zinc.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001 inadequate Zn intake vs. adequate Zn intake.