Flowchart of analytical approach to proteomic data. A subset of participants in each study had proteomic profiling. Individuals with a complete complement of clinical data and available echocardiography were included in models of left ventricular mass. Individuals with a complete complement of clinical data, free of heart failure at baseline, and able to be followed for incident heart failure were included in models of incident heart failure. *As samples from Framingham were run on two separate platforms, some proteins are available in fewer individuals: N=694 for some proteins in LV mass analyses and N=891 (72 cases) for some proteins in incident heart failure analyses. JHS = Jackson Heart Study, FHS = Framingham Heart Study, HF = heart failure, HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.