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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 6.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 5;37:341–367. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-010521-015047

Figure 3.

Figure 3

TOR acts as a central hub to integrate nutrient, energy, and environmental cues to orchestrate growth and development. The TOR complex is composed of TOR, RAPTOR, and LST8 and is promoted by the ATPase cochaperone complex TTT-WAC-RUVBL for dimerization and activation. ATP generated from the mitochondrial ETC, glucose, light, nutrients (N, P, or S), and amino acids promotes TOR activation. TOR phosphorylation of substrates (with orange circled Ps) activates (orange text) or represses (blue text) their functions in various biological processes. RPS6 KINASE (S6K) can also phosphorylate targets (with grey circled Ps). TOR is inhibited by SNRK1 and ABA. TOR phosphorylates and inhibits the ABA receptor PYL. Reciprocally, the ABA-PYL-SNRK2 cascade inhibits TOR activity through RAPTOR phosphorylation. Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; ATG, AUTOPHAGY-RELATED; BIN2, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2; BR, brassinosteroid; COP1, CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1; E2F, E2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; EIF3h, EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR 3h; ETC, electron transport chain; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; HXK, HEXOKINASE; LARP1, LA-RELATED PROTEIN1; LST8, LETHAL-WITH-SEC13-PROTEIN8; MRF1, MA3-DOMAIN-CONTAINING-TRANSLATION-REGULATORY-FACTOR1; PP2C, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C; PYL, PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE-LIKE; RAPTOR, REGULATORY-ASSOCIATED-PROTEIN-OF-MTOR1; ROP2, RHO-OF-PLANTS2; RPS6, RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6; RUVBL, RUVB-LIKE AAA ATPASE1; SNRK, SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE; TAP46, 2A PHOSPHATASE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN OF 46 KD; TOR, TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; TTT, TEL2-TTI1-TTI2; WAC, WWDOMAIN CONTAINING ADAPTOR WITH COILED-COIL; YAK1, YET ANOTHER KINASE1.