Table 3.
Gender‐specific association of change in the three inflammatory biomarkers and risk of other cardiovascular disease (CVD)
| Female | Male | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| HR (95% CI) P value | HR (95% CI) P value | HR (95% CI) P value | HR (95% CI) P value | ||
| With categorized CRP | Sustained high | 1.24 (0.8–1.9) 0.334 | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) 0.354 | 1.93 (1.32–2.82) 0.001 | 1.42 (0.94–2.14) 0.099 |
| Increased | 1.2 (0.59–2.44) 0.618 | 1.36 (0.66–2.81) 0.408 | 1.15 (0.66–2.01) 0.617 | 1.14 (0.65–2.01) 0.643 | |
| Decreased | 0.96 (0.55–1.69) 0.888 | 0.81 (0.45–1.46) 0.481 | 1.1 (0.71–1.69) 0.671 | 0.94 (0.60–1.46) 0.774 | |
| Sustained low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| With change and baseline CRP | Annual change in CRP | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) 0.006 | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) 0.004 | 1.30 (1.15–1.48) < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) 0.003 |
| With categorized fibrinogen | Sustained high | 2.64 (1.50–4.63) < 0.001 | 1.69 (0.93–3.06) 0.082 | 1.58 (1.12–2.21) 0.009 | 1.10 (0.76–1.58) 0.623 |
| Increased | 2.60 (1.32–5.12) 0.006 | 2.28 (1.14–4.54) 0.019 | 1.52 (0.98–2.36) 0.064 | 1.21 (0.77–1.89) 0.416 | |
| Decreased | 2.12 (1.03–4.40) 0.043 | 1.72 (0.82–3.61) 0.151 | 1.2 (0.78–1.86) 0.402 | 0.96 (0.61–1.50) 0.854 | |
| Sustained low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| With change and baseline fibrinogen | Annual change in fibrinogen | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) 0.032 | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) 0.375 | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) 0.050 |
| With categorized IL‐6 | Sustained high | 1.49 (0.93–2.37) 0.096 | 0.85 (0.49–1.48) 0.573 | 2.78 (1.91–4.06) < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.08–2.55) 0.022 |
| Increased | 1.42 (0.76–2.64) 0.274 | 1.04 (0.54–1.98) 0.912 | 1.81 (1.11–2.94) 0.017 | 1.42 (0.86–2.35) 0.171 | |
| Decreased | 1.01 (0.49–2.08) 0.975 | 0.75 (0.36–1.57) 0.445 | 1.39 (0.82–2.36) 0.217 | 1.07 (0.62–1.83) 0.810 | |
| Sustained low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| With change and baseline IL‐6 | Annual change in IL‐6 | 1.09 (0.93–1.29) 0.285 | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) 0.669 | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) 0.076 |
Model 1 is crude. Model 2 is adjusted for age, body mass index, race, smoking, education level, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, anti‐hypertensive medications, diabetes, statin use, glomerular filtration rate, high‐density lipoprotein, and low‐density lipoprotein. For quantitative measures, hazard ratio (HR) is reported per every standard deviation (SD) increase in the predictor.
CRP, C‐reactive protein.