Table 1.

Summary of innate immune response to biophysical properties

Cell Type	Material	Biophysical Property	Biological Model	Origin/Cell line	Biological effect	Reference
Neutrophils	Titanium	Hydrophilicity	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↓ Cytokine release ↓ NET formation	76
		Hydrophilicity	In vitro	Human PBMC	↓ Cell activation ↓ ROS generation	230
	Titanium PEEK	Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vivo	New Zealand White Rabbits	↑ Neutrophils on PEEK	231
	PDO	Architecture	In vitro in vivo	Human PBMC (in vitro) Sprague-Dawley rats (in vivo)	↓ NET formation on large diameter fibers ↓ Net formation in vivo	232
	PDMS	Stiffness	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↑ NET formation	233
	Polyacrylamide	Stiffness	In vitro	Human PBMC	↓ Migration speed ↑ Spreading ↑ NET formation with LPS treatment	84
	Polyacrylamide	Stiffness	In vitro	Murine myeloid progenitor	↑ Spreading	234
	PEG-Gelatin	Hydrophilicity	In vitro	Human PBMC	↑ MPO release ↓ MMP-9	235
	PTFE Dacron	Hydrophobicity	In vitro in vivo	Human PBMC	↑ Cell death ↑ ROS generation	83
	PTFE	Hydrophobicity	In vitro	Human PBMC	↑ Net formation ↑ Histone citrullination ↑ Elastase and ROS generation	236
Macrophages	Titanium	Roughness	In vitro	THP-1	↑ Pro- and anti-inflammatory markers	125
		Roughness	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↑ Cell elongation ↑ Chemokine levels	127
Macrophages	Titanium	Roughness	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↑ Pro-inflammatory markers	130
		Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↑ M2 phenotype	80
		Roughness	In vitro	J774A.1	↓ Nitric oxide, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines	141
		Roughness	In vitro	J774.A1	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines	142
		Roughness	In vitro in vivo	C57BL/6J mice	30 nm structures ↑ M2 phenotype 100 nm structures ↑ M1 phenotype	147
		Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro in vivo	C57BL/6J mice	↑ M2 phenotype ↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines	77
		Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF ↑ IL-4, IL-10	78
		Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokine ↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines	149
		Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	THP-1	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines	148
		Hydrophilicity	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines	150
		Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	Human PBMC	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↑ M2 phenotype	152
		Hydrophilicity Hydrophobicity	In vitro	Human PBMC	↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines on hydrophilic material	156
	Titanium Titanium alloy	Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF ↑ IL-4, IL-10	132
	Titanium Titanium alloy	Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines	133
Macrophages	Titanium PEEK	Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vivo	New Zealand White Rabbits	↑ Macrophages on PEEK ↑ M2 phenotype on Titanium	231
	Titanium alloy	Architecture	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↓ Metabolism ↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines	140
	PLLA	Architecture	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↑ Anti-inflammatory phenotype	144
	PLGA	Hydrophilicity	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↓ Cell activation ↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines	153
	PCL	Roughness	In vitro In vivo	C57BL/6J (in vitro) Sprague-Dawley rats (in vivo)	↑ Cell elongation ↑ Arginase 1 and IL-10 expression ↑ Anti-inflammatory phenotype	128
		Architecture		THP-1 (in vitro) Sprague Dawley rats (in vivo)	↑ M1 phenotype on random alignment	237
	PLLA-PCL	Architecture	In vitro in vitro	Sprague-Dawley rats	↑ IL-10 and Arg1 ↓ TNF and iNOS ↑Anti-inflammatory phenotype	145
	PEEK	Hydrophilicity	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines	154
	Polyethylene	Architecture	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines ↓ TNF	126
	Polyvinylidene fluoride	Roughness	In vitro	Human PBMC	↑ Pro- and anti-inflammatory activation	131
	Polystyrene	Hydrophilicity	In vitro	Human PBMC	↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines	238
	Tricalcium phosphate	Roughness	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↑ iNOS and IL-1β	114
	Hydroxyapatite	Roughness	In vitro	RAW 264.7	↑ M2 phenotype ↓ M1 phenotype	143
DC	Titanium	Roughness Hydrophilicity	In vitro	Human PBMC	↑ CD86 ↓ IL-10, IL-1ra, MCP-1, IL-8	178
DC	Polystyrene PTFE PMMA	Hydrophilicity Hydrophobicity Architecture	In vitro	Human PBMC	↑ Activation and migration on smooth surfaces	183
MC	Titanium	Roughness	In vitro	RBL-2H3	↑ Adhesion ↑ Proliferation ↑ Migration	194
	PLGA	Hydrophilicity	In vivo	Balb/c mice	↑ Cell recruitment ↑ Degranulation	239
	PDO	Architecture	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↓ IL-6 and TNF ↑ VEGF	240
	PDO PCL Fibroin	Chemistry Architecture	In vitro	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Adhesion on polymers ↑ Proliferation on polymers ↑ TNF, MCP-1, and IL-13 on polymers	241
	Polypropylene	Hydrophilicity	In vivo	Wistar rats	↑ Cell number ↑ NADPH	242
	Polystyrene	Architecture	In vitro	NCL-2	↑ Proliferation	243
NK	PDMS	Stiffness	In vitro	Human PBMC	Bell shaped of NK adhesion and CD107 expression in response to stiffness ↑ Activation in response to stiffness	221
		Architecture	In vitro	NK-92MI	↑ NK cytotoxicity on large microwells	229
	PLA Chitosan	Architecture	In vitro	Human PBMC	↓ NK metabolism ↑ NK number	244