TABLE 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics | Entire sample (n = 370,094) | Traditional Medicare (n = 236,707) | Medicare Advantage (n = 93,801) | Accountable Care Organizations (n = 39,586) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 86.9 (7.7) | 87.0 (7.8) | 86.9 (7.6) | 87.2 (7.6) |
Female sex (%) | 67.6 | 67.6 | 67.9 | 67.3 |
Race/ethnicity, % (95% CI) | ||||
White | 81.4 (81.3, 81.5) | 81.2 (81.0, 81.4) | 79.9 (79.6, 80.1) | 86.3 (86.0,86.7) |
Black | 10.6 (10.5, 10.7) | 10.5 (10.4, 10.7) | 11.6 (11.4, 11.8) | 8.4 (8.2, 8.7) |
Asian | 1.9 (1.8, 1.9) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
Hispanic | 5.2 (5.1, 5.3) | 5.2 (5.1, 5.3) | 5.9 (5.7, 6.0) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) |
Dual-eligible status, % (95% CI) | 60.0 (59.8, 60.2) | 60.1 (59.9, 60.3) | 61.4 (61.0, 61.7) | 56.3 (55.8, 56.7) |
Comorbidities, % (95% CI) | ||||
Heart failure | 22.8 (22.7, 23.0) | 22.8 (22.6, 22.9) | 22.6 (22.3, 22.8) | 23.9 (23.5, 24.3) |
Pneumonia | 3.8 (3.8, 3.9) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | 3.7 (3.6, 3.9) | 4.2 (4.0, 4.4) |
Hip fracture | 3.9 (3.8, 4.0) | 3.8 (3.8, 3.9) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5) |
CVA, TIA, or stroke | 10.9 (10.8, 11.0) | 11.0 (10.8, 11.1) | 10.6 (10.4, 10.7) | 11.1 (10.8, 11.4) |
Asthma, COPD, or chronic lung disease | 20.3 (20.2, 20.5) | 20.5 (20.3, 20.6) | 19.7 (19.5, 19.9) | 20.9 (20.5, 21.2) |
Cognitive function score, % (95% CI) | ||||
2 | 18.3 (18.2, 18.5) | 18.0 (17.8, 18.1) | 18.4 (18.1, 18.6) | 20.4 (20.0, 20.8) |
3 | 54.8 (54.7, 55.0) | 54.6 (54.4, 54.8) | 55.1 (54.8, 55.4) | 55.6 (55.1, 56.1) |
4 | 26.8 (26.7, 27.0) | 27.4 (27.3, 27.6) | 26.5 (26.2, 26.8) | 23.9 (23.5, 24.4) |
ADL impairments, % (95% CI) | ||||
2 | 2.7 (2.7, 2.8) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 3.2 (3.0, 3.4) |
3 | 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | 4.1 (4.0, 4.2) | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5) |
4 | 4.3 (4.2, 4.3) | 4.2 (4.1, 4.2) | 4.3 (4.1, 4.4) | 4.9 (4.7, 5.1) |
5 | 11.0 (10.9, 11.1) | 10.9 (10.8, 11.1) | 11.1 (10.9, 11.3) | 11.3 (11.0, 11.6) |
6 | 34.5 (34.4, 34.7) | 33.8 (33.6, 34.0) | 35.3 (35.0, 35.7) | 36.6 (36.1, 37.1) |
7 | 43.5 (43.3, 43.7) | 44.6 (44.4, 44.8) | 42.4 (42.1, 42.7) | 39.7 (39.2, 40.2) |
NH stay was for skilled nursing and/or rehabilitation, % (95% CI) | 12.8 (12.7, 13.0) | 12.8 (12.7, 13.0) | 11.8 (11.6, 12.0) | 15.2 (14.8, 15.5) |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; NH, nursing home; TIA, transient ischemic attack.