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. 2021 Oct 7;11:19977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99482-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Volcano plot indicating amino acids with the most meaningful changes analyzed in the urine and serum of sepsis (A) and septic shock (B) on admission based on univariate analysis—y-axis: Mann–Whitney p value, x-axis: fold change (FC). Each dot represents one amino acid. The amino acids with significance p < 0.05 are located above the red horizontal line. The amino acids with more than a twofold change of a concentration are located on right and left from the respective blue right and left vertical lines. Only red dots indicate amino acids with the clinical and statistical differences. Arg, arginine; Cit, citrulline; Gln, glutamine; Gly, glycine; Gly-Pro, glycine-proline; hPro, 4 hydroxyproline; Ile, isoleucine; Leu, leucine; Lys, lysine; mHis, 3-methyl-histidine; Orn, ornithine; Phe, phenylalanine; Pro, proline; Sarc, sarcosine; Tyr, tyrosine; Val, valine; p, significant value.