Table 4.
Comparison of HRM motility characteristics in study infants with and without penetration or aspiration.
| Characteristic | PAS = 1 | PAS ≥ 2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | Penetration or Aspiration | ||
| Basal Swallow | N = 15 | N = 43 | |
| Pharyngeal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 121 ± 12 | 98 ± 8 | 0.11 |
| Proximal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 74 ± 10 | 55 ± 6 | 0.12 |
| Distal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 47 ± 7 | 42 ± 4 | 0.57 |
| UES: basal tone (mmHg.cm.s) | 28 ± 6 | 20 ± 3 | 0.2 |
| Esophagus | |||
| Proximal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 80 ± 15 | 65 ± 9 | 0.41 |
| Distal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 337 ± 48 | 360 ± 28 | 0.68 |
| LES: basal tone (mmHg.cm.s) | 68 ± 10 | 62 ± 6 | 0.63 |
| Respiratory: DA duration (s) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.08 |
| Pharyngeal Reflexes | N = 6 | N = 34 | |
| Peristaltic response occurrence | 0.9 [95% CI 0.5–1.7] | 0.7 | |
| Peristaltic response latency (s) | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 0.52 |
| Peristaltic response duration (s) | 16.7 ± 2.6 | 19.0 ± 1.1 | 0.42 |
| Pharynx: total contractions (#) | 4 ± 1 | 4 ± 0 | 0.47 |
| UES | |||
| Relaxation reflex occurrence | 1.1 [95% CI 0.4–2.5] | 0.89 | |
| Contraction reflex occurrence | 0.8 [95% CI 0.3–2.2] | 0.71 | |
| LES | |||
| Relaxation reflex occurrence | 2.4 [95% CI 1.0–5.9] | 0.05 | |
| Respiratory | |||
| DA occurrence | 0.9 [95% CI 0.4–2.0] | 0.71 | |
| DA latency, (s) | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 0.97 |
| DA duration, (s) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 0.1 |
| DA during interphase occurrence | 1.9 [95% CI 1.1–3.4] | 0.02 | |
| Terminal swallow occurrence | 0.7 [95% CI 0.4–1.2] | 0.15 | |
| Esophagus: peristaltic break occurrence | 3.4 [95% CI 0.9–13.6] | 0.08 | |
| Symptom occurrence | 2.5 [95% CI 1.2–5.3] | 0.02 | |
| Oral Feeding with Milk | N = 14 | N = 35 | |
| Volume intake rate (mL/min) | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 0.25 |
| Oral feeding duration (s) | 70.6 ± 11.0 | 95.6 ± 7.0 | 0.06 |
| Pharynx | |||
| Contractile activity (%) | 54.4 ± 14.9 | 52.0 ± 10.6 | 0.9 |
| Vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 78 ± 10 | 76 ± 7 | 0.85 |
| Proximal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 44 ± 8 | 39 ± 5 | 0.65 |
| Distal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 33 ± 7 | 36 ± 5 | 0.69 |
| Esophagus: Distal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 432 ± 83 | 337 ± 49 | 0.33 |
| Oral Feeding with Barium Sulfate | N = 15 | N = 37 | |
| Volume intake rate (mL/min) | 10.9 ± 3.5 | 14.9 ± 1.9* | 0.32 |
| Oral feeding duration (s) | 124.5 ± 16.2* | 85.6 ± 10.3 | 0.048 |
| Pharynx | |||
| Contractile activity (%) | 65.5 ± 7.2 | 60.4 ± 5.0 | 0.56 |
| Vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 95 ± 10* | 83 ± 8* | 0.38 |
| Proximal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 51 ± 8* | 42 ± 6* | 0.35 |
| Distal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 44 ± 8* | 42 ± 6* | 0.82 |
| Esophagus: Distal vigor (mmHg.cm.s) | 460 ± 67 | 217 ± 45 | 0.004 |
Data presented as Mean ± SE or Odds Ratio [95% CI] with PAS = 1 used as reference group for Odds Ratios. Interpretation example: infants with penetration or aspiration are 2.5 times more likely to have symptoms than those without penetration or aspiration. UES- upper esophageal sphincter, LES- lower esophageal sphincter, DA- deglutition apnea.
*p < 0.05 versus oral feeding with milk.