Table 3.

Future research priorities

	Proposed methodologies
Identification of patient priorities for opioid sparing	Structured interviews, focus groups, surveys in heterogeneous groups with varying ages, races, ethnicities, geographic locations, and pain problems or conditions who have used opioids for different amounts of times.
Identification of clinically meaningful reductions in opioid dosages	Associations between opioid dosage changes and overall impression of improvement, side effect burden, and function assessed prospectively or via secondary data analyses.
Evaluation of methods to assess opioid-related AEs	Prospective comparison of reliability and validity of active and passive adverse outcomes assessment methods with different methods of introducing the adverse outcome-related questions using diverse samples of patients taking opioids for different lengths of time.