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Incomplete bladder emptying during free urinary flow, distributed across the 4 groups of patients. In almost half of the patients, the primary cause seemed to be detrusor underactivity rather than obstruction. Group 1, severe-moderate BOO; group 2, mild BOO and URA≥20; group 3, mild BOO and URA<20; group 4, nonobstructed. BOO, bladder outlet obstruction; URA, urethral resistance factor; BVE, bladder voiding efficiency
