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. 2021 Sep 24;15:751876. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.751876

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Copyright © 2021 Suzuki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phylogenetic tree of early vertebrates and brain sections of the cyclostomes. (A) Cladogram showing the postulated relationships of the jawless fishes and the Gnathostomata (jawed fishes) based on morphological characters (based on Benton, 2015). (B–E) Lateral view of adult lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum, B), dorsal view of the brain (C), and its transverse brain sections at the forebrain (D) and midbrain (E) levels. The laminated structure of the optic tectum is magnified in the inset of (E). (F–I) Lateral view of larval lamprey (F), dorsal view of the brain (G), and its transverse brain sections at the forebrain (H) and midbrain (I) levels. The photograph for (G) is reproduced from Suzuki and Grillner (2018). (J–M) Lateral view of adult hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri, J), dorsal view of the brain (K), and its transverse brain sections at the forebrain (L) and midbrain (M) levels. Sections are immunostained by anti-acetylated tubulin antibody (Sigma, T6793, magenta) and counterstained with Fluorescent Nissl Stain (Invitrogen N21480, green). acoctl, area octavolateralis; cpc, central prosencephalic complex; dmtn, dorsomedial telencephalic nucleus; hab, habenular ganglion; lp, lateral pallium; mp, medial pallium; nupo, nuclei praeoptici; pal, pallium; po, pineal organ; tect, tectum; rdV, radix descendens nervi trigemini; rs, formation reticularis, pars superior; vl, ventriculus lateralis; Vmm, nucleus motorius magnocellularis nervi trigemini; vq ventriculus quartus. Scale bars: 1 mm for (C,G,K); 500 μm for (D,E,L,M); 200 μm for (H,I).