Table 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of immunotherapeutic agents.

Immunotherapy	Advantages and disadvantages	Status of approval in CRC	References
Whole tumor vaccines	Composed of all known and unknown tumor antigens, easy production	Not approved	(66)
	Low immunogenicity and efficacy
Peptide vaccines	The known specificity for the tumor-associated antigen	Not approved	(67) (66)
	Low efficacy
Viral vector vaccines	Specific for the tumor-associated antigen, naturally immunogenic	Not approved	(68) (66)
	Cytokine storm induction
Dendritic cell vaccines	Tumor-associated antigen specificity, the generation of the own immune response	Not approved	(69)
	High cost and time-consuming preparation
Adoptive cell therapy	High tumor specificity, the elimination of the need to produce an immune response	Not approved	(70) (71)
	High cost, long preparation time, target-dependent toxicities
Antibody-based immunotherapy	Target immunosuppressive pathways, the enhancement of the anti-tumor immune response	Bevacizumab Cetuximab Panitumumab Ipilimumab Nivolumab Pembrolizumab	(72) (73) (74)
	Toxicity