Table 2.
Outcome characteristics
| Robust (n=124) | Intermediate (n=51) | Combined (n=25) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional ability | ||||
| bADL (0–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (95–100)* | 0.002 |
| iADL (0–23) | 23 (23–23) | 23 (23–23) | 23 (23–23) | 0.089 |
| FAI (0–45) | 32.77±4.50 | 31.55±6.09 | 29.80±5.24** | 0.025 |
| Physical performance | ||||
| SPPB (0–12) | 12 (11–12) | 12 (11–12) | 11 (8–12)* | 0.013 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.49±0.26 | 1.49±0.26 | 1.27±0.37* | 0.001 |
| Knee extension (kg) | 36.22±7.55 | 33.63±7.88 | 32.63±7.84 | 0.031 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 22.44±6.70 | 21.02±5.75 | 19.57±6.70 | 0.089 |
| Cognition | ||||
| CMMSE (0–28) | 26.44±1.66 | 25.68±1.79 | 25.84±1.84 | 0.042 |
| Mood | ||||
| GDS (0–15) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–5) | 0.083 |
| Nutritional measures | ||||
| MNA (0–30) | 27.40±1.77 | 26.52±1.99** | 25.98±2.33* | 0.001 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 29.64±9.52 | 29.20±8.77 | 28.25±11.90 | 0.809 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.94±3.54 | 23.96±4.11 | 24.16±4.34 | 0.963 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean±standard deviation.
bADL, basic activities of daily living; iADL, instrumental activities of daily living; FAI, Frenchay Activities Index; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; CMMSE, Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MNA, Mini-Nutrition Assessment; BMI, body mass index.
*
p<0.01,
**
p<0.05, compared with the robust group (post-hoc test).