TABLE 3.
Selected 3D NAFLD models established from different cell types.
| Cell type | Culture paradigm | Exposure duration | Endpoints/outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHHs | Spheroid mono-culture | 48 h | Hepatic lipid accumulation | Bell et al. (2016) |
| PHHs | Spheroid mono-culture | 21 days | Hepatic lipid accumulation | Kozyra et al. (2018) |
| Transcriptional changes in genes associated with hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis | ||||
| PHHs | Liver-on-a-chip mono-culture | 14 days | Hepatic lipid accumulation | Kostrzewski et al. (2017) |
| Transcriptional changes in genes associated with insulin resistance and lipid metabolism | ||||
| Increased inflammatory and fibrotic markers | ||||
| PHHs | MPCC co-culture | 18 days | Hepatic lipid accumulation | Davidson et al. (2016) |
| Decreased sensitivity to insulin-mediated inhibition of glucose output and dysregulated insulin signaling | ||||
| PHHs | Liver-on-a-chipco-culture | 10 days | Hepatic lipid accumulation | Feaver et al. (2016) |
| Decreased sensitivity to insulin-mediated inhibition of glucose output and dysregulated insulin signaling | ||||
| Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis | ||||
| Increased inflammatory analyte secretion and fibrogenic activation markers | ||||
| HepG2 | Gut–liver-on-a-chip co-culture | 24 h | Accumulated chylomicrons in HepG2 | Lee & Sung (2018) |
| hiPSC-HLCs; hESC-HLCs | Organoid tri-lineage | 7 days | Hepatic lipid accumulation | Ouchi et al. (2019) |
| Increased inflammatory cytokines | ||||
| Increased collagen production | ||||
| Increased organoid stiffness |
PHHs, primary human hepatocytes; MPCC, micropatterned co-culture; hESCs, human embryonic stem cells; hiPSCs, human induced pluripotent stem cells; HLCs, hepatocyte-like cells.