Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma patients and healthy controls.
| n (%) | Cases | Controls | p b |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1153) | (n = 1022) | ||
| Age (years old), mean (SD) | 59.63 (11.34) | 58.96 (11.06) | 0.162 |
| Education levels | < 0.001 | ||
| Lower than elementary school | 255 (22.14) | 157 (15.38) | |
| Elementary school graduate | 383 (33.25) | 326 (31.93) | |
| Junior high school graduate | 136 (11.81) | 144 (14.10) | |
| Senior high school graduate | 215 (18.66) | 201 (19.69) | |
| College graduate | 154 (13.37) | 167 (16.36) | |
| Postgraduate | 9 (0.78) | 26 (2.55) | |
| BMI a | |||
| < 18.5 | 47 (4.17) | 29 (2.88) | Baseline |
| 18.5–24 | 597 (52.97) | 519 (51.59) | 0.159 |
| 24–27 | 307 (27.24) | 290 (28.83) | 0.088 |
| 27–30 | 112 (9.94) | 124 (12.33) | 0.030 |
| ≥ 30 | 64 (5.68) | 44 (4.37) | 0.724 |
| First-degree family with lung cancer | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 134 (12.96) | 43 (5.93) | |
| No | 900 (87.04) | 682 (94.07) | |
| COPD | 0.174 | ||
| Yes | 26 (2.28) | 15 (1.48) | |
| No | 1112 (97.72) | 1001 (98.52) | |
| History of pulmonary TB infection | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 50 (4.39) | 17 (1.67) | |
| No | 1088 (95.61) | 1001 (98.33) | |
| HRT use | 0.399 | ||
| Yes | 197 (18.12) | 188 (19.58) | |
| No | 890 (81.88) | 772 (80.42) | |
| Contraceptive use | 0.630 | ||
| Yes | 77 (7.15) | 75 (7.71) | |
| No | 1000 (92.85) | 898 (92.29) | |
| Cooking time in years, mean (SD) | 74.29 (53.22) | 69.59 (50.47) | 0.037 |
| Cooking without fume extractor | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 68 (5.9) | 23 (2.25) | |
| No | 1085 (94.1) | 999 (97.75) | |
| ETS exposure | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 856 (77.05) | 668 (66.73) | |
| No | 255 (22.95) | 333 (33.27) |
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ETS, environmental tobacco smoking; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; SD, standard deviation; TB, tuberculosis.
a
Body weight (kg)/body height (m2).
b
p values for continuous variables (age, education levels, and cooking time in years) were determined via two-sample t-test; p-values for binary variables were determined via Chi-square test. For BMI, a categorical clinical risk factor with five levels, p-values were determined from the multivariate logistic regression model with BMI < 18.5 as the baseline.