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. 2021 Sep 24;12:727000. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.727000

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Copyright © 2021 Sun, Pan, Karey, Chen, Pinkerton, Wilson and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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An example of retrogradely labeled cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) and action potential (AP) analysis. (A) (a) Nucleus ambiguus region viewed at 40x with Infrared-differential interference contrast (IR-DIC). (b) The same region viewed with a fluorescence filter for DiI. (c) Overlay of the IR-DIC and fluorescence images. (d) An identified CVN with a patch electrode in whole-cell configuration. (B) Schematic drawing of the recording site (left) and the brainstem slice containing the nucleus ambiguus viewed at 5x. LRt, lateral reticular nucleus; NA, nucleus ambiguus; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarii; Py, pyramidal tract; Sp5, spinal trigeminal nucleus; 12, hypoglossal nucleus. (C) A recorded action potential (left) and its phase plane plot (right) showing the measured parameters. (D) Spiking response to a 1-s depolarizing current step showing the mAHP. AHP, afterhyperpolarization; ½ W, AP half width.