Table 2.

Gut microbial communities and their relative abundance change before stroke, during stroke, and after stroke event.

Stages of stroke	Changes in the abundance	Gut microbial communities
PRE-STROKE	Increase	Gut opportunistic pathogens, lactate producing bacteria, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptococcaceae as well as Bacteroides, Prevotella, Clostridium, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, and Proteus species
	Decrease	Butyrate-producing bacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
STROKE ONSET	Increase	Helicobacteraceae, Neisseriaceae, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005, norank_p_Flavobacteriaceae, norank_p_Parcubacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Proteobacteria, and short chain fatty acid producing bacteria,as well as Odoribacter, Akkermansia, Victivallis, Enterobacter, Megasphaera, Desulfovibrio, Acinetobacter, and Acidovorax species, and N. polysaccharea
	Decrease	Genus Bacteroidia and Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides spp., and Prevotella spp.
POST-STROKE	Increase	Carnobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Granulicatella, Streptococcus, and Fusobacterium spp., as well as G. adiacens
	Decrease	Short chain fatty acids