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. 2021 Mar 25;45(5):fuab016. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuab016

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — Viral modulation of UPR^ER controlled cell death pathways. Viruses and viral proteins use all the three UPR^ER sensor proteins for modulating cell death. The Ire1α-TRAF2-JNK signalling arm is used to promote apoptotic cell death. Several viruses promote ER stress dependent apoptosis via the caspase cascade. The PERK and ATF6 arms of the UPR^ER are targeted for the induction of autophagy via the CHOP transcription factor. Abbreviations: JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; Ire1, Inositol-requiring enzyme 1; PERK, Protein kinase activated by double stranded RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase; ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6; BVDV, Bovine viral diarrhea virus; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; ASFV, African swine fever virus; CVA16, Coxsackievirus A16; CVB3, Coxsackievirus B3; JeV, Japanese encephalitis virus; PMV, Paramyxo simian virus; DENV, Dengue virus; TRAF2, TNF receptor associated factor 2; Bak, Bcl-2 homologous antagonist or killer; BAX, Bcl-2 associated X-protein; Bim, Bcl-2 like protein 11.