Table 3.
The summary of virucidal mechanisms and current evidence of test compounds against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| Compound | Virucidal mechanisms | Conc. (%) | Exposure time (seconds) |
In vitroevidence against SARS-CoV-2 (studies) |
Clinical evidence in COVID-19 patients (studies) |
Potential adverse effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Support | Not support | Support | Not support | |||||
| PVP-I | Destabilize viral envelope, lyse spike glycoprotein, degenerate viral particles, and scavenge free radicals | 0.5–1 | 30 | 6 | Nil | 1 | 1 | Allergy, thyroid dysfunction |
| CPC | Interfere with viral envelope, lysosomotropic to destroy the capsid of virus | 0.04–0.075 | 30 | 3 | Nil | 2 | Nil | Tooth pigmentation, change in taste sensation, burning sensation |
| HP | Disrupt the lipid structure | 1–1.5 | 30 | Nil | 3 | 1 | 2 | Tooth/oral tissue damage, burning sensation |
| CHX | Interfere with viral envelope | 0.12–0.2 | 30 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | Tooth pigmentation, supragingival calculus formation, change in taste sensation |
| EOs with low conc. ethanol | Interfere with viral envelope | NA | NA | 3 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Burning sensation, mucosal irritation, palatal erythema |
Abbreviations: CHX: chlorhexidine; CPC: cetylpyridinium chloride; EOs: essential oils; HP: hydrogen peroxide; PVP-I: povidone-iodine; NA: not applicable.