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. 2021 Oct 8;142(6):923–936. doi: 10.1007/s00401-021-02370-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Novel high-throughput technologies expand the diagnostic spectrum of research on microglia. Several emerging cutting-edge methods for studying the microglial phenotype are depicted in a graphical manner. The pictograms demonstrate a gene expression heatmap (Bulk RNA sequencing), a droplet-based analysis of single cells with subsequent t-SNE visualization (Single-cell RNA sequencing), the chromatin landscape using ATAC-seq (epigenetic changes and chromatin accessibility), an objective slide incubating with metal-coupled antibodies with subsequent single-cell analysis (CyTOF-based Imaging Mass Cytometry), barcoded antibodies in combination with droplet-based microfluidics system (combined transcriptomics and proteomics) and a tissue section analyzed by in-situ-sequencing as well as two microglia cells with different intracellular symbols representing different genes (transcriptomics with spatial resolution)