Table 11.

Gender- and district-dependent awareness and perceptions of air pollution

Gender	Yes		No		p-value*	χ2
	N	%	n	%
Prevention of smoking in public areas/there should be smoking designated areas
Male	2116	90.1	233	9.9	0.000a	105.48
Female	1642	98.2	30	1.8
Air pollution is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases/disorders
Male	1697	72.2	652	27.8	0.000a	78.67
Female	1407	84.2	265	15.8
Pakistan’s growth in GDP affecting the environment, is it acceptable/affordable?
Male	923	39.3	1426	60.7	0.000a	184.6
Female	321	19.2	1351	80.8
Aware of different toxic substances such as CO, SO2, NO2, PM, etc
Male	1458	62.1	891	37.9	0.0564b	3.64
Female	1087	65.0	585	35
Awareness level/perception of the respondents across study sites/cities
Dir (L)	2968	65.4	1568	34.6	0.000a	469.64
Dir (U)	2234	67.1	1094	32.9
Chitral	1121	67.2	547	32.8
Swat	3004	76.1	944	23.9
Buner	901	53.9	771	46.1
Shangla	423	45.4	509	54.6
Total responses	10,651	66.2	5433	33.8	16,084

^*Bold value represents p-value < 0.05

^ap-value < αaltered (significant after Bonferroni adjustment)

^bp-value > αaltered (non-significant after Bonferroni adjustment)