Table 2.
Rate Ratio for Injurious Falls During the 4.3 y of Follow-up According to Pain Characteristics (N = 765)
| Pain Characteristics | n | No. of Injurious Falls | No. of PYs | Rate of Injurious Falls (/100 PY) |
Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adj. RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Pain severity | |||||||
| No pain | 163 | 134 | 437.4 | 30.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Very mild pain | 210 | 188 | 624.0 | 30.1 | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) |
| Mild pain | 200 | 198 | 551.9 | 35.9 | 1.18 (0.87, 1.60) | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.43) |
| Moderate-to-severe pain | 189 | 197 | 506.6 | 38.9* | 1.34 (0.99, 1.82) | 1.47 (1.07, 2.03) | 1.24 (0.88, 1.74) |
| Pain interference | |||||||
| 1st tertile | 288 | 212 | 793.0 | 26.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2nd tertile | 219 | 209 | 655.1 | 31.9 | 1.21 (0.93, 1.56) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.46) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) |
| 3rd tertile | 255 | 296 | 672.4 | 44.0** | 1.69 (1.32, 2.15) | 1.80 (1.40, 2.31) | 1.61 (1.23, 2.13) |
| Pain site | |||||||
| No pain | 274 | 197 | 764.6 | 25.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Single site pain | 186 | 167 | 519.0 | 32.2 | 1.24 (0.94, 1.63) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) | 1.19 (0.91, 1.57) |
| Multisite pain | 304 | 354 | 842.7 | 42.0** | 1.65 (1.30, 2.09) | 1.68 (1.32, 2.14) | 1.57 (1.22, 2.01) |
Notes: Adj. RR = adjusted rate ratio; CI = confidence interval; PY = person-years. The values in bold indicate statistically significant results (p < .05).
aModel 1 estimated unadjusted rate ratio from negative binomial models. bModel 2 was adjusted for age, gender, race, education, body mass index, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, heart disease, and vision impairment. cModel 3 was additionally adjusted for mobility difficulty, opioid analgesic use, and psychiatric medications use.
*Test for trend, p-value <.05, **p-value < .001.