Table 2.
Adjusted Associations Between Frailty-Related Variables (PFP and PFP criteria) and Global Cognitive Performance (Cohen’s d, SD) and Change (Cohen’s d, SD/year) Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), 2011–2016 (n = 7439)
| Cognitive Level | Cognitive Change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen’s d (SE) | Cohen’s d, SD/year (SE) | AIC | BIC | |
| Frailty (PFP) | −0.226 (0.020)** | −0.019 (0.006)** | 35493.0 | 35706.2 |
| Weight loss | −0.128 (0.019)** | −0.017 (0.005)** | 35168.3 | 35381.2 |
| Exhaustion | −0.065 (0.016)** | −0.003 (0.004) | 35595.7 | 35808.8 |
| Low physical activity | −0.092 (0.015)** | −0.007 (0.004) | 35600.3 | 35813.5 |
| Slow gait | −0.306 (0.018)** | −0.026 (0.005)** | 32483.8 | 32694.9 |
| Weakness | −0.142 (0.018)** | −0.016 (0.005)** | 33746.7 | 33958.7 |
Notes: AIC = Akaike information criteria; BIC = Bayesian information criteria; PFP = physical frailty phenotype. Frailty was operationalized using the PFP. Results from a series of multiple linear regression models with random slopes (time) and intercepts (person) testing the associations between frailty-related variables and cognitive level and change in separate models. All models were controlled for age, sex, race, education, income, and number of comorbidities.
**Significance at a cutoff level of p = .05.