Table 2.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics by Frailty Trajectory Groups
| Characteristic | Persistently Nonfrail (N = 829) | Development of Frailty (N = 43) | Resolution of Frailty (N = 28) | Persistently Frail (N = 29) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Median (Q1, Q3) | 50 (45, 56) | 54 (47, 59) | 56 (51, 59) | 53 (51, 56) | <.001 |
| Female sex | 146 (18%) | 16 (37%) | 9 (32%) | 6 (21%) | .004 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | White Non-Hispanic | 422 (51%) | 13 (30%) | 13 (46%) | 9 (31%) | .008 |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 242 (29%) | 20 (47%) | 7 (25%) | 16 (55%) | ||
| Hispanic (regardless of race) | 165 (20%) | 10 (23%) | 8 (29%) | 4 (14%) | ||
| Less than high school education | 112 (14%) | 12 (28%) | 6 (21%) | 5 (17%) | .043 | |
| Nadir CD4 count (cells/uL) | Median (Q1,Q3) | 195 (61, 296) | 209 (66, 325) | 249 (71, 328) | 154 (66, 321) | .604 |
| <200 | 423 (51%) | 20 (47%) | 11 (39%) | 16 (55%) | .788 | |
| 200–350 | 264 (32%) | 17 (40%) | 12 (43%) | 8 (28%) | ||
| >350 | 142 (17%) | 6 (14%) | 5 (18%) | 5 (17%) | ||
| CD4 count (cells/uL) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 620 (458, 834) | 684 (413, 840) | 798 (592, 1155) | 652 (433, 848) | .176 |
| ≤500 | 229 (28%) | 12 (28%) | 4 (14%) | 7 (24%) | .470 | |
| 501–700 | 179 (22%) | 11 (26%) | 7 (25%) | 10 (34%) | ||
| >700 | 288 (35%) | 17 (40%) | 14 (50%) | 9 (31%) | ||
| Missing | 133 (16%) | 3 (7%) | 3 (11%) | 3 (10%) | ||
| Undetectable VL (<50 copies/mL) | 763 (92%) | 39 (91%) | 25 (89%) | 27 (93%) | .936 | |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | 5.60 (5.30, 6.00) | 5.80 (5.40, 6.20) | 5.80 (5.40, 6.50) | .001 |
| BMI | Median (Q1, Q3) | 27.14 (24.09, 30.57) | 29.24 (24.12, 32.33) | 28.65 (27.28, 31.48) | 27.93 (25.17, 33.95) | .082 |
| Underweight | 3 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | .011 | |
| Normal | 269 (32%) | 12 (28%) | 3 (11%) | 6 (21%) | ||
| Overweight | 332 (40%) | 12 (28%) | 13 (46%) | 10 (34%) | ||
| Obese | 225 (27%) | 18 (42%) | 11 (39%) | 12 (41%) | ||
| High waist circumference | 278 (34%) | 17 (40%) | 18 (64%) | 14 (48%) | .003 | |
| EFV use | 275 (33%) | 14 (33%) | 9 (32%) | 7 (24%) | .790 | |
| Days of vigorous/moderate activities per week | <3 days on both vigorous and moderate activities | 349 (42%) | 21 (49%) | 21 (75%) | 21 (72%) | <.001 |
| ≥3 days on either vigorous or moderate activities | 438 (53%) | 20 (47%) | 7 (25%) | 7 (24%) | ||
| Alcohol | Abstainer | 320 (39%) | 12 (28%) | 13 (46%) | 25 (86%) | <.001 |
| Light drinker | 308 (37%) | 20 (47%) | 10 (36%) | 3 (10%) | ||
| Moderate/heavy drinker | 201 (24%) | 11 (26%) | 5 (18%) | 1 (3%) | ||
| Cigarette use | Never | 346 (42%) | 7 (16%) | 9 (32%) | 12 (41%) | .003 |
| Former | 258 (31%) | 23 (53%) | 15 (54%) | 7 (24%) | ||
| Current | 203 (24%) | 13 (30%) | 4 (14%) | 10 (34%) | ||
| Illicit substance use within the past month | 180 (22%) | 10 (23%) | 4 (14%) | 2 (7%) | .159 | |
| Anti-anxiety or depression medications | 248 (30%) | 20 (47%) | 18 (64%) | 20 (69%) | <.001 | |
| NCI | 116 (14%) | 11 (26%) | 9 (32%) | 8 (28%) | .002 | |
| NPZ3 score | Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.40 (-0.30, 1.10) | -0.20 (-0.97, 0.63) | 0.17 (-0.90, 0.70) | -0.37 (-1.00, 0.70) | <.001 |
| Frailty score | Median (Q1, Q3) | 0 (0, 1) | 2 (0, 2) | 3 (3, 3) | 3 (3, 4) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 48 (6%) | 4 (9%) | 1 (4%) | 3 (10%) | .542 | |
| Liver disease | 7 (1%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (7%) | .003 | |
| Kidney disease | 77 (9%) | 6 (14%) | 5 (18%) | 8 (28%) | .006 | |
| History of cancer within the past 5 years | 27 (3%) | 4 (9%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | .135 | |
| Diabetes | 92 (11%) | 5 (12%) | 9 (32%) | 9 (31%) | <.001 | |
| Hypertension | 309 (37%) | 20 (47%) | 15 (54%) | 13 (45%) | .182 | |
| Stroke | 16 (2%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | .497 | |
| Hepatitis C | 92 (11%) | 8 (19%) | 5 (18%) | 7 (24%) | .062 | |
| AIDS-defining conditions | 167 (20%) | 8 (19%) | 6 (21%) | 6 (21%) | .992 |
χ 2 tests were used for categorical variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables to assess differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between neurocognitive trajectory groups. Characteristics were measured at baseline unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CD4, CD4 + T-lymphocyte count; HAILO, HIV Infection, Aging, and Immune Function Long-term Observational Study; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NCI, neurocognitive impairment; VL, viral load.