Table 5.
Mental health amid the pandemic by circadian type
| Definitive evening-types | Moderate evening-types | Intermediate-types | Moderate morning-types | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/% | B | 95% CI Lower ± Upper |
Mean/% | B | 95% CI Lower ± Upper |
Mean/% | B | 95% CI Lower ± Upper |
Mean/% | B | 95% CI Lower ± Upper |
|
| Anxiety past two weeksa | 54.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.8*** | 43.0 | 0.1 | –0.02 ± 0.3 | 28.6 | –0.3 | –0.4 ± –0.1*** | 33.2 | –0.2 | –0.4 ± –0.04* |
| Depression past two weeksa | 50.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 ± 1.1*** | 36.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.5*** | 24.3 | –0.07 | –0.2 ± 0.1 | 27.8 | 0.04 | –0.1 ± 0.2 |
| Well-being index past two weeks | 44.2 | –15.0 | –16.8 ± –13.2*** | 50.3 | –8.9 | –10.5 ± –7.4*** | 56.1 | –3.2 | –4.7 ± –1.7*** | 55.8 | –3.5 | –5.0 ± –1.9*** |
| PTSD symptoms amid pandemic: Repeated disturbing thoughts and memoriesb | 30.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 ± 1.0*** | 19.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.4*** | 13.4 | 0.03 | –0.09 ± 0.2 | 12.8 | 0.03 | –0.09 ± 0.2 |
| PTSD symptoms amid pandemic: Feeling very upset of pastb | 30.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.9*** | 20.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.4*** | 13.5 | 0.02 | –0.1 ± 0.1 | 13.8 | 0.02 | –0.1 ± 0.2 |
| Stress at the time of responsec | 45.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 ± 1.0*** | 31.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.5*** | 22.6 | –0.04 | –0.2 ± 0.08 | 23.5 | 0.08 | –0.04 ± 0.2 |
| Quality of life at the time of response | 58.4 | –8.4 | –10.3 ± –6.5*** | 64.0 | –2.9 | –4.3 ± –1.4*** | 64.3 | –2.5 | –3.9 ± –1.1*** | 67.2 | 0.3 | –2.2 ± 1.8 |
| Quality of health at the time of response | 64.8 | –7.2 | –9.1 ± –5.2*** | 68.5 | –3.5 | –5.0 ± –2.0*** | 69.8 | –2.2 | –3.6 ± –0.7** | 71.7 | –0.3 | –1.7 ± 1.2 |
Definite morning-types are defined as reference in the regression models, adjusted for age and sex. Table shows in the % column the prevalence of a those with anxiety/depression with no anxiety and no depression as reference category in the logistic regression, b those reporting PTSD symptoms “quite a bit” or “extremely” and c reporting stress “quite a lot” or “very much.” ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Regression estimate (B) and confidence intervals (95% CI) given in the Table. PTSD refers to post-traumatic stress disorder.