Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19 diagnosis by RASi, ACEi or ARB use
| Global (n = 12 344) | RASi use |
P-value (ACEi versus ARB) | P-value (RAS versus no RAS) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 4746) | Yes |
||||||
| All (n = 7598) | ACEi (n = 4731) | ARB (n = 2867) | |||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 68.22 ± 15.31 | 67.83 ± 16.95 | 68.47 ± 14.19 | 67.42 ± 14.67 | 70.21 ± 13.16 | <0.001 | 0.028 |
| Female, n (%) | 6829 (55.3) | 2786 (58.7) | 4043 (53.2) | 2439 (51.6) | 1604 (55.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| MEDEA deprivation index, n (%) | 0.026 | 0.108 | |||||
| NA | 47 (0.4) | 16 (0.3) | 31 (0.4) | 20 (0.4) | 11 (0.4) | – | – |
| 0 Rural | 513 (4.2) | 210 (4.4) | 303 (4) | 174 (3.7) | 129 (4.5) | – | – |
| 1 Rural | 1181 (9.6) | 432 (9.1) | 749 (9.9) | 496 (10.5) | 253 (8.8) | – | – |
| 2 Rural | 1600 (13) | 625 (13.2) | 975 (12.8) | 613 (13) | 362 (12.6) | – | – |
| 1 Urban | 1097 (8.9) | 451 (9.5) | 646 (8.5) | 403 (8.5) | 243 (8.5) | – | – |
| 2 Urban | 2184 (17.7) | 857 (18.1) | 1327 (17.5) | 823 (17.4) | 504 (17.6) | – | – |
| 3 Urban | 3421 (27.7) | 1318 (27.8) | 2103 (27.7) | 1260 (26.6) | 843 (29.4) | – | – |
| 4 Urban | 2301 (18.6) | 837 (17.6) | 1464 (19.3) | 942 (19.9) | 522 (18.2) | – | – |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 7184 (58.2) | 2908 (61.3) | 4276 (56.3) | 2601 (55) | 1675 (58.4) | – | – |
| Yes | 1492 (12.1) | 595 (12.5) | 897 (11.8) | 605 (12.8) | 292 (10.2) | – | – |
| Former | 3668 (29.7) | 1243 (26.2) | 2425 (31.9) | 1525 (32.2) | 900 (31.4) | – | – |
| Obesity, n (%) | 5949 (48.2) | 2081 (43.8) | 3868 (50.9) | 2334 (49.3) | 1534 (53.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 3490 (28.3) | 1265 (26.7) | 2225 (29.3) | 1354 (28.6) | 871 (30.4) | 0.108 | 0.002 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 3498 (28.3) | 1147 (24.2) | 2351 (30.9) | 1400 (29.6) | 951 (33.2) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 1365 (11.1) | 550 (11.6) | 815 (10.7) | 454 (9.6) | 361 (12.6) | <0.001 | 0.145 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 2702 (21.9) | 977 (20.6) | 1725 (22.7) | 994 (21) | 731 (25.5) | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 435 (3.5) | 144 (3) | 291 (3.8) | 172 (3.6) | 119 (4.2) | 0.284 | 0.022 |
| Angina, n (%) | 411 (3.3) | 141 (3) | 270 (3.6) | 146 (3.1) | 124 (4.3) | 0.006 | 0.088 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 932 (7.6) | 356 (7.5) | 576 (7.6) | 347 (7.3) | 229 (8) | 0.319 | 0.898 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 879 (7.1) | 359 (7.6) | 520 (6.8) | 266 (5.6) | 254 (8.9) | <0.001 | 0.139 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 488 (4) | 165 (3.5) | 323 (4.3) | 192 (4.1) | 131 (4.6) | 0.312 | 0.036 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 4132 (33.5) | 1491 (31.4) | 2641 (34.8) | 1575 (33.3) | 1066 (37.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 841 (6.8) | 424 (8.9) | 417 (5.5) | 274 (5.8) | 143 (5) | 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 141 (1.1) | 54 (1.1) | 87 (1.1) | 45 (1) | 42 (1.5) | 0.054 | 1 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 2084 (16.9) | 875 (18.4) | 1209 (15.9) | 645 (13.6) | 564 (19.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Concomitant drug therapy during prior 3 months | |||||||
| Number of concomitant agents, mean ± SD | 2.12 ± 1.99 | 1.76 ± 1.94 | 2.34 ± 1.98 | 2.18 ± 1.91 | 2.61 ± 2.08 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 0–1, n (%) | 5767 (46.7) | 2642 (55.7) | 3125 (41.1) | 2094 (44.3) | 1031 (36) | – | – |
| 2–4, n (%) | 5006 (40.6) | 1631 (34.4) | 3375 (44.4) | 2057 (43.5) | 1318 (46) | – | – |
| >4, n (%) | 1571 (12.7) | 473 (10) | 1098 (14.5) | 580 (12.3) | 518 (18.1) | – | – |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 2482 (20.1) | 739 (15.6) | 1743 (22.9) | 954 (20.2) | 789 (27.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Thiazides, n (%) | 1229 (10) | 560 (11.8) | 669 (8.8) | 436 (9.2) | 233 (8.1) | 0.114 | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 1723 (14) | 659 (13.9) | 1064 (14) | 560 (11.8) | 504 (17.6) | <0.001 | 0.875 |
| β-blockers, n (%) | 2487 (20.1) | 907 (19.1) | 1580 (20.8) | 875 (18.5) | 705 (24.6) | <0.001 | 0.025 |
| Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 3901 (31.6) | 974 (20.5) | 2927 (38.5) | 1716 (36.3) | 1211 (42.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 2451 (19.9) | 715 (15.1) | 1736 (22.8) | 1012 (21.4) | 724 (25.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K antagonists, n (%) | 602 (4.9) | 212 (4.5) | 390 (5.1) | 220 (4.7) | 170 (5.9) | 0.017 | 0.103 |
| Direct oral anticoagulants, n (%) | 599 (4.9) | 215 (4.5) | 384 (5.1) | 195 (4.1) | 189 (6.6) | <0.001 | 0.202 |
| Digital, n (%) | 124 (1) | 52 (1.1) | 72 (0.9) | 41 (0.9) | 31 (1.1) | 0.416 | 0.478 |
| Nitrates, n (%) | 428 (3.5) | 147 (3.1) | 281 (3.7) | 146 (3.1) | 135 (4.7) | <0.001 | 0.085 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 862 (7) | 257 (5.4) | 605 (8) | 338 (7.1) | 267 (9.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Oral antidiabetic agents, n (%) | 2330 (18.9) | 562 (11.8) | 1768 (23.3) | 1057 (22.3) | 711 (24.8) | 0.015 | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppressive agents, n (%) | 1140 (9.2) | 404 (8.5) | 736 (9.7) | 433 (9.2) | 303 (10.6) | 0.047 | 0.031 |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 1331 (10.8) | 440 (9.3) | 891 (11.7) | 613 (13) | 278 (9.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Long-action β-adrenergic agents, n (%) | 1291 (10.5) | 421 (8.9) | 870 (11.5) | 496 (10.5) | 374 (13) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Short-action β-adrenergic agents, n (%) | 801 (6.5) | 264 (5.6) | 537 (7.1) | 347 (7.3) | 190 (6.6) | 0.263 | 0.001 |
| Steroid agents, n (%) | 444 (3.6) | 159 (3.4) | 285 (3.8) | 155 (3.3) | 130 (4.5) | 0.006 | 0.265 |
| Impact of COVID-19 infection in the corresponding healthcare areas (n = 87) | |||||||
| Mean prevalence in the corresponding area, mean ± SD | 4.94 ± 1.82 | 4.97 ± 1.8 | 4.93 ± 1.84 | 4.98 ± 1.87 | 4.84 ± 1.78 | 0.001 | 0.267 |
| Terciles of prevalence, n (%) | |||||||
| <3.3 | 2233 (18.1) | 840 (17.7) | 1393 (18.3) | 833 (17.6) | 560 (19.5) | 0.008 | 0.051 |
| 3.3–4.7 | 4172 (33.8) | 1557 (32.8) | 2615 (34.4) | 1600 (33.8) | 1015 (35.4) | – | – |
| >4.7 | 5939 (48.1) | 2349 (49.5) | 3590 (47.2) | 2298 (48.6) | 1292 (45.1) | – | – |