Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Demographics and medical history | Entire (n = 80) | Low clinical severity (n = 52) | High clinical severity (n = 28) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (±SD) | 56.7 (14.9) | 53.9 (14.9) | 62 (13.5) | 0.008 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 54 (67.5) | 31 (59.6) | 23 (82.1) | 0.04 |
| Body mass index (±SD) | 28.1 (6.3) | 27.1 (5.6) | 30.8 (7.2) | 0.026 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 8 (10) | 6 (11.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0.71 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 4 (5) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (10.7) | 0.12 |
| S/P coronary artery bypass graft, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 1 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (7.1) | 0.28 |
| Transient ischaemic attack/stroke, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0 | 0.54 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (7.1) | 0.28 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 4 (5) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (10.7) | 0.12 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 6 (7.5) | 2 (3.8) | 4 (14.3) | 0.18 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 4 (5) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (10.7) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 16 (20) | 7 (13.5) | 9 (32.1) | 0.047 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 10 (12.5) | 6 (11.5) | 4 (14.3) | 0.73 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 33 (41.3) | 18 (34.6) | 15 (53.6) | 0.1 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 24 (30) | 14 (26.9) | 10 (35.7) | 0.41 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 19 (23.8) | 10 (19.2) | 9 (32.1) | 0.2 |
| Past malignancy, n (%) | 8 (10) | 6 (11.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0.71 |
| Present malignancy, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0 | 0.54 |
| Medications | ||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 14 (17.5) | 7 (13.5) | 7 (25) | 0.23 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0 | 0.54 |
| Direct oral anticoagulant, n (%) | 4 (5) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (10.7) | 0.12 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, n (%) | 15 (18.8) | 8 (15.4) | 7 (25) | 0.29 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker, n (%) | 8 (10) | 4 (7.7) | 4 (14.3) | 0.44 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 4 (5) | 4 (7.7) | 0 | 0.29 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 15 (18.8) | 9 (17.3) | 6 (21.4) | 0.65 |
| Systemic corticosteroids, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (3.6) | 0.35 | |
| Other anti-inflammatories, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (3.6) | 1 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL), mean (±SD) | 13.7 (1.6) | 13.7 (1.4) | 13.6 (2) | 0.94 |
| White blood cells (103/μL), mean (±SD) | 8.2 (5.5) | 7.2 (2.9) | 10 (8.2) | 0.26 |
| Neutrophils (103/μL), mean (±SD) | 6.2 (5.1) | 5 (2.6) | 8.2 (7.4) | 0.027 |
| Lymphocytes (103/μL), mean (±SD) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 0.004 |
| Platelets (103/μL), mean (±SD) | 214.4 (87.3) | 220 (96.5) | 204.4 (68.9) | 0.63 |
| Sodium (mmol/L), mean (±SD) | 135.8 (4.2) | 136 (3.7) | 135.5 (5.1) | 0.22 |
| Potassium (mmol/L), mean (±SD) | 4 (0.4) | 4 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.4) | 0.5 |
| Glucose (mg/dL), mean (±SD) | 114 (39.6) | 107.8 (36) | 125.2 (43.8) | 0.018 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), mean (±SD) | 1 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.004 |
| BUN (mg/dL), mean (±SD) | 16.5 (6.4) | 14.9 (5.5) | 19.5 (6.8) | 0.002 |
| LDH (U/L), mean (±SD) | 512.8 (265.5) | 447.7 (201.6) | 632.9 (326.1) | 0.003 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL), mean (±SD) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.86 |
| AST (U/L), mean (±SD) | 44.5 (42.8) | 47.1 (51.2) | 41.1 (20.9) | 0.91 |
| ALT (U/L), mean (±SD) | 46.4 (50.7) | 52.3 (59.6) | 35.3 (24.5) | 0.23 |
| Albumin (g/L), mean (±SD) | 39.5 (5) | 41.6 (4) | 36 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L), mean (±SD) | 84.2 (87.3) | 53.6 (63) | 140 (98.7) | <0.001 |
| Troponin-I (ng/L), mean (±SD) | 106.4 (788.4) | 7.8 (9.6) | 284.7 (1318.6) | <0.001 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (pg/mL), mean (±SD) | 53.2 (109.5) | 29.5 (67.7) | 110.5 (162.3) | <0.001 |
| D-Dimer, (mg/L), mean (±SD) | 1.7 (3.4) | 0.9 (1.6) | 3.1 (5) | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL), mean (±SD) | 550.3 (172.4) | 519.6 (162.5) | 595.5 (180.1) | 0.12 |
| Baseline ECG findings | ||||
| ST-segment elevation, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0 | 0.54 |
AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECG, electrocardiogram;LDH, lactic dehydrogenase;CRP, C-reactive protein