Table 3.
Cox regression analysis in multiple-imputation data set
| Parameter | Univariable Cox regression |
Multivariable Cox regression |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Sex | 1.125 | 0.720–1.757 | 0.650 | |||
| Age (years) | 1.075 | 1.055–1.096 | <0.001 | 1.068 | 1.043–1.093 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Current smoker | 0.735 | 0.246–2.197 | 0.581 | |||
| Obesity (BMI > 25) | 0.779 | 0.498–1.218 | 0.273 | |||
| Diabetes type II | 1.317 | 0.835–2.077 | 0.237 | |||
| Hypertension | 1.838 | 1.156–2.920 | 0.010 | 1.136 | 0.692–1.865 | 0.613 |
| Cardiovascular disease (any) | 3.493 | 2.248–5.427 | <0.001 | 1.246 | 0.711–2.183 | 0.442 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.682 | 0.935–3.024 | 0.082 | |||
| Asthma | 0.829 | 0.261–2.627 | 0.750 | |||
| Hypo-/hyperthyroidism | 1.196 | 0.617–2.319 | 0.597 | |||
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 3.466 | 2.205–5.448 | <0.001 | 1.579 | 0.937–2.662 | 0.086 |
| Chronic liver disease | 0.689 | 0.252–1.883 | 0.468 | |||
| Malignancy | 1.978 | 1.163–3.364 | 0.012 | 2.054 | 1.184–3.561 | 0.010 |
| Symptoms at admission | ||||||
| Asymptomatic | 0.401 | 0.105–1.527 | 0.180 | |||
| Fatigue | 1.054 | 0.690–1.610 | 0.806 | |||
| Cough | 0.634 | 0.414–0.972 | 0.036 | 0.850 | 0.537–1.346 | 0.489 |
| Fever | 1.324 | 0.838–2.091 | 0.229 | |||
| Requirement of oxygen | 2.077 | 1.306–3.304 | 0.002 | 1.639 | 1.001–2.682 | 0.050 |
| Dyspnoea | 1.205 | 0.788–1.842 | 0.389 | |||
| Diarrhoea | 0.583 | 0.301–1.130 | 0.110 | |||
| Sore throat | 0.185 | 0.027–1.259 | 0.085 | |||
| Nausea or vomiting | 0.897 | 0.449–1.791 | 0.758 | |||
| Vital Signs at admission | ||||||
| Temperature (°C) | 0.882 | 0.698–1.114 | 0.291 | |||
| Pulse rate (beats per minute) | 0.988 | 0.973–1.003 | 0.128 | |||
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 0.997 | 0.986–1.008 | 0.637 | |||
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 0.989 | 0.968–1.010 | 0.290 | |||
| Respiratory rate (b.p.m.) | 1.006 | 0.981–1.033 | 0.633 | |||
| SpO2 at ambient air (%) | 0.933 | 0.881–0.988 | 0.017 | 1.038 | 0.957–1.125 | 0.368 |
| COVID-19 classification at admissiona | 1.654 | 1.303–2.099 | <0.001 | 1.639 | 1.234–2.176 | 0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Admission to ICU | 1.161 | 0.738–1.827 | 0.517 | |||
| Invasive ventilation | 1.196 | 0.722–1.982 | 0.487 | |||
| Anticoagulation | ||||||
| LMWH | 0.413 | 0.270–0.634 | <0.001 | 0.561 | 0.348–0.906 | 0.018 |
| NOAC | 0.750 | 0.376–1.495 | 0.413 | |||
| Additional treatment | ||||||
| Corticosteroids | 0.611 | 0.366–1.019 | 0.059 | |||
| Remdesivir/Favipiravir | 1.082 | 0.648–1.805 | 0.764 | |||
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir | 0.475 | 0.219–1.031 | 0.060 | |||
| Camostat | 0.044 | 0.001–1.829 | 0.101 | |||
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; mmHg, millimetre mercury; NOAC, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants; SpO2, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation.
a
COVID-19 classification was performed according to the guidelines issued by the WHO in mild (fever <38°C, no dyspnoea, no pneumonia), moderate (fever, respiratory symptoms, pneumonia), severe (respiratory distress with respiratory rate ≥30 b.p.m., SpO2 < 93% at rest), and critical (respiratory failure with requirement of mechanical ventilation, requirement of ICU).