Table 1.
Median amounts of total absolute and relative (contribution of single compounds to total scent) inflorescence scent of Arum maculatum surveyed in six and five populations north and south of the Alps, respectively.
|
North
(n = 106) |
JOS
(n = 43) |
BUR
(n = 15) |
HOH
(n = 4) |
MUR
(n = 15) |
NEC
(n = 14) |
RÜM
(n = 15) |
South
(n = 127) |
DAO
(n = 68) |
LIM
(n = 15) |
MAH
(n = 15) |
MON
(n = 14) |
UDI
(n = 15) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median total absolute amount of scent trapped (ng inflorescence−1 h−1) | 67.4 | 167.2 | 13.0 | 565.8 | 80.7 | 39.4 | 41.7 | 214.7 | 311.4 | 203.8 | 196.9 | 201.4 | 42.3 | |
| Total number of volatiles | 285 | 271 | 186 | 195 | 213 | 212 | 216 | 277 | 257 | 210 | 217 | 188 | 184 | |
| KRI/Compound class | Compound name | |||||||||||||
| Aliphatic components | ||||||||||||||
| 893 | 2-Heptanone* | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 0.3 | 2.9 | 11.9 | 4.0 |
| 902 | 2-Heptanol* | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 1.9 | tr | 0.8 | 2.5 | 0.5 |
| 982 | 1-Octen-3-ol* | 1.9 | 2.4 | tr | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | tr | 6.4 | tr | 1.3 |
| 1,096 | 2-Nonanone* | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | tr | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
| 23 more aliphatic components <1% | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | |
| Aromatic components | ||||||||||||||
| 1,076 | p-Cresol* | 4.2 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 19.4 | 11.9 | 9.2 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| 4 more aromatic components <1% | tr | tr | tr | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | tr | tr | tr | 0.1 | tr | tr | |
| C5-branched chain components | ||||||||||||||
| 4 C5-branched chain components <1% | tr | tr | tr | 0.1 | tr | 0.2 | 0.1 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | |
| Nitrogen-bearing components | ||||||||||||||
| 965 | β-Lutidine | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | tr | 0.6 | 0.1 | tr | 1.3 |
| 1,310 | Indole* | 24.2 | 22.3 | 20.8 | 12.6 | 24.6 | 33.4 | 35.6 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 24.8 | 8.8 | 12.3 | 9.5 |
| 5 more nitrogen-bearing components <1% | 0.1 | 0.1 | tr | 0.1 | tr | tr | 0.3 | 0.1 | tr | 0.1 | 0.1 | tr | tr | |
| Irregular terpenes | ||||||||||||||
| 3 irregular terpenes <1% | tr | tr | 0.4 | 0.3 | tr | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | tr | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
| Monoterpenoids | ||||||||||||||
| 914 | 3,7-Dimethyloct-1-ene* | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 2.7 |
| 935 | α-Citronellene*§ | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
| 949 | β-Citronellene*§ | 4.2 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 11.6 | 3.4 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 9.7 | 10.8 | 10.1 | 6.5 | 9.9 | 8.2 |
| 972 | 3,7-Dimethyloct-2-ene* | 3.1 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 9.6 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 2.1 | 3.2 |
| 982 | Sabinene* | 0.2 | tr | 1.0 | 0.2 | tr | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 | tr |
| 1,005 | 2,6-Dimethylocta-2,6-diene* | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
| 1,076 | Dihydromyrcenol | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.0 | tr | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| 21 more monoterpenoids <1% | 0.3 | 0.4 | tr | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | |
| Sesquiterpenoids | ||||||||||||||
| 1,357 | Bicycloelemene | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
| 1,399 | α-Copaene* | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.6 |
| 1,434 | Isocaryophyllene | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.8 |
| 1,450 | β-Caryophyllene* | 3.0 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 2.8 |
| 1,484 | α-Humulene* | 2.8 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 2.6 |
| 1,501 | Germacrene D* | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
| 1,520 | Bicyclogermacrene | 0.9 | 1.0 | tr | 0.6 | 2.1 | tr | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | tr | 1.7 |
| 1,547 | δ-Cadinene | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
| 10 more sesquiterpenoids <1% | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | |
| Unknown compounds | ||||||||||||||
| 829 | UNK 829 m/z: 54,67,110,41,81,39 | 0.3 | 0.8 | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | tr | tr | tr | 2.0 | tr | 0.3 |
| 1,394 | UNK 1394 m/z: 69,55,41,82,95 | 0.2 | 0.2 | tr | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| 1,409 | UNK 1409 m/z: 81,55,67,95,41 | 0.2 | 0.2 | tr | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
| 1,415 | UNK 1415 m/z: 69, 81,41,95,55 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 7.3 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 10.4 | 2.3 | 11.3 |
| 1,492 | UNK 1492 m/z: 105,161,91,41,93 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 0.6 |
| 1,503 | UNK 1503 m/z: 81,107,163 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| 1,524 | UNK 1524 m/z: 105,161,204,119,93 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| 1,699 | UNK 1699 m/z: 81,163,191,95,123 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 5.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 3.2 |
| 189 more unknowns <1% | 2.9 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 3.7 | |
Volatiles are ordered according to compound class, and within class by Kováts' retention index (KRI). The total number of volatiles is also given.
Identification of compound was verified by authentic standards; tr, trace relative amount (< 0.05%); m/z, mass-to-charge ratio in decreasing order of abundance. North: JOS, Josefiau; BUR, Burg Hohenstein; HOH, Hohendilching; MUR, Murnau; NEC, Horb am Neckar; RÜM, Rümikon; South: DAO, Daone; LIM, Limone-Piemonte; MAH, Santa Maria Hoè; MON, Montese; UDI, Udine.
Synthetic (+)-α- and (+)-β-Citronellene coeluted with naturally detected α- and β-Citronellene on a chiral column (MEGA-DEX DMT Beta SE, 30 m × 0.25 mm ID, 0.23 μm film) (Gfrerer et al., unpublished data).
North and South columns present the regional median of the corresponding populations (following columns). Volatiles with a median amount of <1% in any population are pooled.