Table 2.
Overview of selected original studies
| Theme | Population | Country of origin | N | Age range | Mean age (SD) | Study design | Resilience instrument | Outcome |
| General population | ||||||||
| Chung et al.[15] | Adolescents | Hong Kong | 1816 | 11–15 | NA | Cross-sectional | Resilience Scale-14 | Depressive symptoms |
| Finch et al.[17] | Adolescents | Australia | 456 | 9–14 | 11.54 | Cross-sectional | Child and Youth Resilience | Depressive, anxiety symptoms and flourishing |
| Gong et al.[13▪] | Adolescents from nine schools in Wuhan | China | 6019 | 10–17 | NA | Cross-sectional | Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | Depressive symptoms |
| Lee et al.[14▪▪] | Adolescents 10th–12th grade | Taiwan | 450 | NA | NA | Cross-sectional | Inventory of Adolescent Resilience | Depressive symptoms |
| Xiong et al.[16] | Adolescents | China | 1473 | 12–18 | 15.28 | Cross-sectional | Positive PsyCap Questionnaire | Anxiety/Depression |
| Adverse childhood experiences and negative life events | ||||||||
| Askeland et al.[26▪] | Population-based sample | Norway | 9546 | 16–19 | 17.4 | Cross-sectional | Resilience Sale for Adolescents | Depressive symptoms |
| Elmore et al.[20▪] | Population-based sample | USA | 40 302 | 8–17 | NA | Cross-sectional | HOPE framework, 5 independent resilient factors: child resilience, after school activities, family problem solves together, family remains hopeful, other adult factor | Depression |
| Hall et al. (2021) [19] | Youth presenting at a preventive care visit at urban academic pediatric practice | USA | 450 | 12–18 | 14.9 | Cross-sectional | Child Youth Resilience measure | Poor health outcome; depression, obesity, hypertension |
| Hamby et al. (2020) [23] | Community sample | USA | 440 | 10–21 | 16.38 | Cross-sectional | Resilience Portfolio Model | Trauma symptoms |
| Konaszewski et al.[27] | Youth sent to educational centers by a family court | Poland | 253 | 13–18 | 16.3 | Cross-sectional | Resilience Scale | Mental wellbeing |
| Kwon et al.[25] | Adolescent school dropouts | Korea | 278 | 14–19 | NA | Longitudinal | Ego-Resiliency scale | Depressive symptoms |
| Racine et al.[18▪] | Children referred to a Child Abuse Service | Canada | 176 | 3–18 | 10.45 | Retrospective file review | The Child and Youth Resilience Measure | Child trauma-related distress |
| Wei et al. (2021) [24] | Students from five elementary school and four middle schools | China | 6510 | 10–17 | 12.6 | Cross-sectional | Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | Depressive symptoms |
| Zhao et al. (2020) [21▪] | Middle school students from five schools | China | 742 | 11–19 | 14.32 | Cross-sectional | Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | Depression and school bullying victimization |
| Zhao et al. (2020) [22▪] | Left behind children recruited at two rural junior middle schools | China | 345 | 12–17 | 14.31 | Cross-sectional | Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment; | Depressive symptoms |
| Natural disasters | ||||||||
| An et al.[28▪▪] | Adolescents from two middle schools who were exposed to the Yancheng tornado | China | 121 | 12–19 | 14.04 | Longitudinal study | Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | PTSD |
| Fuchs et al.[32] | Adolescents from Louisiana area who were exposed to both Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon Gulf Oil Spill | USA | 1268 | 14–18 | 15.6 | Cross-sectional | Masten's short list for resilience | Risky substance use behavior, posttraumatic stress and depression |
| Liang et al.[31] | Students in grade 5–7 after Lushan Earth Quake | China | 102 | NA | 12.59 ± 1.13 | Longitudinal Study | Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | Posttraumatic stress |
| Liu et al.[29▪▪] | Students from the most and least severe damaged school after the Wenchuan earthquake | China | 1015 | 10–15 | 12.7 | Longitudinal study | Block and Kremen's Ego-Resiliency Scale | Common mental health problems |
| Shi et al.[30] | Wenchuan Earthquake Adolescent Health Cohort | China | 1266 | NA | 15.98 ± 1.28 | Cross-sectional | Resilience Scale | PTSD, depression, anxiety |
| War | ||||||||
| Wilson et al.[33▪] | Palestinian refugee children living in a refugee camp | Palestina | 106 | 11–17 | NA | Cross-sectional | Child- and Youth Resilience Measure | Emotional, behavioral and psychosomatic problems |
| Dehnel et al.[34] | Syrian refugee children | Jordan | 339 | 10–17 | 13.4 | Cross-sectional | Child and Youth Resilience Measure | Depressive symptoms |
| COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||||
| Cusinato et al.[36] | Parents and children, community sample | Italy | 463 | 5–17 | NA | Cross-sectional | Child- and Youth Resilience Measure | Children's wellbeing |
| Yu et al.[37] | High school students | China | 430 | 15–22 | 18.51 | Cross-sectional | Brief Resilience Scale | Depression and anxiety symptoms |
| Wang et al.[38] | High school students from two schools | China | 1488 | 12–16 | 13.85 | Cross-sectional | Questionnaire of Adolescent Emotional Resilience | Intrusive rumination |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NA, information not available.