Table 6. Included studies on the potential association of time of day and aggression development.
| Author | Time as a ward factor |
|---|---|
| Yang et al., 2018 [29] | Of all the incidents: |
| 54.3% during the day shift | |
| Giarelli et al., 2018 [112] | Of all the incidents: |
| 57% during the day shift | |
| 40% during the evening shift | |
| Ewing & Castle, 2018 [105] | Of all the incidents: |
| 38.3% in the morning | |
| 39.4% in the afternoon | |
| 22.3% in the night | |
| Sato et al., 2017 [130] | Of all the incidents: |
| Between 9.00–16.59: 49.6% | |
| Between 17.00–24.59: 31.5% | |
| Between 01.00–8.59: 17.5% | |
| Al-Azzam et al., 2017 [120] | Of all the incidents: |
| Day shift: 20% | |
| Evening shift: 7% | |
| Night shift: 2% | |
| Not specified: 39% | |
| Teitelbaum et al., 2016 [161] | Of all the incidents: |
| 44% in the morning shift | |
| 41% in the afternoon shift | |
| 15% in the night shift | |
| Bowers, 2012 [137] | Highest rate of conflict in morning shifts: mean 4.88 incidents (mean in the evening 3.69): χ2 = 164.31; df = 2, p < .001 |
| Highest rate on Wednesday (mean 4.75), lowest on Sunday (mean 4.05): χ2 = 25.13; df = 6; p < .001 | |
| Bowers et al., 2007 [146] | All incidents together: less likely to appear in weekends: χ2 = 10.96; df-1; p = .001 |
| No significant difference for physical aggression during days of the week | |
| No significant difference for days on which ward round took place | |
| Bowers et al., 2007 [147] | Winter season: more incidents: adj r2 = 0.059; p < .0005 |
| Abderhalden et al., 2007 [72] | Peak of incidents between 10–11 am and 5–8 pm |
| Equally distributed over days of the week, except for Sundays: less incidents | |
| El Bari & Mellsop, 2006 [73] | 52% in evening shift |
| 27% in day shift | |
| 21% in night shift | |
| Hamadeh et al., 2003 [150] | 56.7% in the evening |
| 16.4% in May (highest percentage), only 3% in February and December (lowest percentage) | |
| Chou et al., 2002 [104] | 44.6% in the day shift |
| 46.7% in the evening shift | |
| 8.7% in the night shift | |
| Nijman, 2002 [6] | 32% of outwardly directed aggression took place between 6 and 12 pm and 7% between 8 and 9 pm |
| Ng et al., 2001 [162] | Of the 33 physical incidents 32 happened in the morning and afternoon shiftp |
| Shift time was related to whether or not an incident occurred: χ2 = 12.3; df = 2; p = .002 | |
| Manfredini et al., 2001 [163] | Of all the incidents: |
| 4.5% between 0.00–5.59 | |
| 32.6% between 6.00–11.59 | |
| 39.5% between 12.00–17.59 | |
| 23.4% between 18.00–23.59 p < .001) | |
| Grassi et al., 2001 [87] | Of all the incidents: |
| 45.6% between 8.00–13.00 | |
| 35.9% between 14.00–20.00 | |
| 18.5% between 21.00–7.00 | |
| Barlow et al., 2000 [91] | 49% between 7.00–15.30 |
| 36% between 15.30–22.30 | |
| 15% between 22.30–7.00 |
First colum is first author and year of publication and reference, χ2: Chi-square, df: degrees of freedom, r: correlation coefficient.