Table 1.
Derivation set patient characteristics.
| Overall [N = 1769] | In-hospital mortality | ||
| Characteristic | Mean/No. (SD/%) [n∗] | No [N = 1422] | Yes [N = 347] |
| Age | 64.4 (16.7) [1769] | 62 (16.6) [1422] | 74.4 (13.1) [347] |
| Gender (female) | 830 (47%) [1769] | 670 (47%) [1422] | 160 (46%) [347] |
| Race (yes) | |||
| Black | 840 (49%) [1698] | 687 (50%) [1364] | 153 (46%) [334] |
| White | 744 (44%) [1698] | 579 (42%) [1364] | 165 (49%) [334] |
| Asian | 45 (3%) [1698] | 38 (3%) [1364] | 7 (2%) [334] |
| Native American or Pacific Islander | 10 (1%) [1698] | 8 (1%) [1364] | 2 (1%) [334] |
| Other | 59 (3%) [1698] | 52 (4%) [1364] | 7 (2%) [334] |
| Ethnicity (yes) | |||
| Hispanic | 92 (5%) [1762] | 84 (6%) [1415] | 8 (2%) [347] |
| Non-Hispanic | 1535 (87%) [1762] | 1229 (87%) [1415] | 306 (88%) [347] |
| Unknown | 135 (8%) [1762] | 102 (7%) [1415] | 33 (10%) [347] |
| Residing in a Nursing Facility or Assisted Living (yes) | 340 (19%) [1748] | 207 (15%) [1406] | 133 (39%) [342] |
| Ever-smoker (yes) | 645 (39%) [1648] | 515 (38%) [1355] | 130 (44%) [293] |
| BMI | 31.2 (8.5) [1680] | 31.5 (8.4) [1359] | 30 (8.8) [321] |
| No. of comorbidities | |||
| 0 | 228 (13%) [1769] | 211 (15%) [1422] | 17 (5%) [347] |
| 1 | 341 (19%) [1769] | 314 (22%) [1422] | 27 (8%) [347] |
| 2 | 369 (21%) [1769] | 309 (22%) [1422] | 60 (17%) [347] |
| 3 | 299 (17%) [1769] | 223 (16%) [1422] | 76 (22%) [347] |
| 4 | 225 (13%) [1769] | 166 (12%) [1422] | 59 (17%) [347] |
| >4 | 307 (17%) [1769] | 199 (14%) [1422] | 108 (31%) [347] |
| Presence of comorbidity (yes) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 485 (27%) [1769] | 347 (24%) [1422] | 138 (40%) [347] |
| Congestive heart failure | 275 (16%) [1769] | 191 (13%) [1422] | 84 (24%) [347] |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 208 (12%) [1769] | 149 (10%) [1422] | 59 (17%) [347] |
| Asthma | 219 (12%) [1769] | 189 (13%) [1422] | 30 (9%) [347] |
| Diabetes (complicated and uncomplicated) | 655 (37%) [1769] | 487 (34%) [1422] | 168 (48%) [347] |
| Severe liver disease | 12 (1%) [1769] | 10 (1%) [1422] | 2 (1%) [347] |
| Cancer | 144 (8%) [1769] | 106 (7%) [1422] | 38 (11%) [347] |
| Symptoms (yes) | |||
| Fatigue | 585 (33%) [1769] | 491 (35%) [1422] | 94 (27%) [347] |
| Fever (subjective and objective) | 1452 (82%) [1769] | 1204 (85%) [1422] | 248 (71%) [347] |
| Chest pain | 301 (17%) [1769] | 263 (18%) [1422] | 38 (11%) [347] |
| Hypoxia | 729 (41%) [1769] | 526 (37%) [1422] | 203 (59%) [347] |
| First recorded heart rate | |||
| <90 BPM | 701 (40%) [1760] | 572 (40%) [1415] | 129 (37%) [345] |
| 90–100 BPM | 391 (22%) [1760] | 321 (23%) [1415] | 70 (20%) [345] |
| 101–124 BPM | 544 (31%) [1760] | 442 (31%) [1415] | 102 (30%) [345] |
| >124 BPM | 124 (7%) [1760] | 80 (6%) [1415] | 44 (13%) [345] |
| First recorded respiratory rate | |||
| <20 | 645 (37%) [1734] | 564 (41%) [1390] | 81 (24%) [344] |
| 20–24 | 682 (39%) [1734] | 559 (40%) [1390] | 123 (36%) [344] |
| 25–30 | 240 (14%) [1734] | 173 (12%) [1390] | 67 (19%) [344] |
| >30 | 167 (10%) [1734] | 94 (7%) [1390] | 73 (21%) [344] |
| First recorded systolic blood pressure | |||
| ≥101 mm Hg | 1619 (93%) [1740] | 1318 (94%) [1401] | 301 (89%) [339] |
| 90–100 mm Hg | 80 (5%) [1740] | 52 (4%) [1401] | 28 (8%) [339] |
| <90 mm Hg | 41 (2%) [1740] | 31 (2%) [1401] | 10 (3%) [339] |
| First recorded pulse oximetry | |||
| 91%–100% | 1386 (79%) [1750] | 1147 (82%) [1406] | 239 (69%) [344] |
| 81%–90% | 287 (16%) [1750] | 219 (16%) [1406] | 68 (20%) [344] |
| 71%–80% | 45 (3%) [1750] | 26 (2%) [1406] | 19 (6%) [344] |
| ≤70% | 32 (2%) [1750] | 14 (1%) [1406] | 18 (5%) [344] |
| Triage score | |||
| 1 | 91 (6%) [1564] | 43 (3%) [1259] | 48 (16%) [305] |
| 2 | 731 (47%) [1564] | 570 (45%) [1259] | 161 (53%) [305] |
| 3 | 646 (41%) [1564] | 582 (46%) [1259] | 64 (21%) [305] |
| 4 | 37 (2%) [1564] | 35 (3%) [1259] | 2 (1%) [305] |
| 5 | 59 (4%) [1564] | 29 (2%) [1259] | 30 (10%) [305] |
| Highest initial creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.7 (1.7) [1737] | 1.5 (1.6) [1392] | 2.3 (2) [345] |
| Highest initial white blood cell count (K/uL) | 8.4 (6.7) [1750] | 8.1 (6.9) [1405] | 9.9 (5.5) [345] |
| Pneumonia indication on chest x-ray (yes) | 1318 (78%) [1684] | 1024 (77%) [1337] | 294 (85%) [347] |
BMI = body mass index, BPM = beats per minute, SD = standard deviation.
∗
n is the number of complete cases in the data for the given variable. Percentages are calculated as No./n.