Table 1.

The cross-resistance/cross-tolerance pattern observed on co-exposure of antibiotics and biocides.

Biocides	Microorganisms under experiment	Cross-resistance/cross tolerance pattern	References
Benzalkonium chloride	E. coli	Decreased susceptibility to cotrimoxazole. Expression of MdtM multi-drug efflux pump.	(Holdsworth and Law, 2013)
	Pseudomonas spp.	Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim. Induction of MexCD-OprJ multi-drug efflux pump.	(Bataillon et al., 2011; Lerma et al., 2015; Morita et al., 2003)
	Salmonella typhimurium	High tolerance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin. Overexpression of AcrAB or AcrEF acriflavine efflux pump.	(Guo et al., 2014; Karatzas et al., 2007)
Chlorhexidine digluconate	E. coli, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus	Increase in HGT of MGE carrying ARGs.	(Jutkina et al., 2018)
	Pseudomonas spp.	Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, ampicillin, polymyxin, and erythromycin. Reduced adsorption of biocide to the cell surface and induction of MexCD-OprJ multi-drug efflux pump.	(Gajadhar et al., 2003; Morita et al., 2003; Nagai et al., 2003; Tattawasart et al., 1999)
	A. baumannii	Co-resistance to carbapenem, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Increased expression of multiple efflux pump genes.	(Cuenca et al., 2015)
Triclosan	E. coli	Enhance of efflux pump system. Increase in HGT of MGE carrying ARGs.	(Jutkina et al., 2018; Sonbol et al., 2019)
	Acinetobacter johnsonii	Decreased susceptibility with chloramphenicol.	(Lear et al., 2002)
	Pseudomonas spp.	Cross-tolerance with ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, imipenem, and trimethoprim.	(Lerma et al., 2015)
	Salmonella spp.	Reduced susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin et cetera. Overexpression of AcrAB acriflavine efflux pump.	(Karatzas et al., 2007)
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride	E. coli	Decreased sensitivity to cotrimoxazole and amoxicillin.	(Bataillon et al., 2011)
Sodium hypochlorite	Salmonella spp.	Cross-resistance with class aminoglycosides and cephalosporins, amikacin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and teicoplanin.	(González et al., 2014)