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. 2021 Oct 1;2021:5426595. doi: 10.1155/2021/5426595

Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Study year Type of participant characteristics Intervention methods I/C Frequency, follow-up time I/C Outcomes
Study Sample size Age, mean Sex
Lansinger et al. (2007) RCT T = 122, I = 60, C = 62 I = 44.9 ± 12.3, C = 42.8 ± 1.4 F = 86, M = 36 Qigong vs. exercise therapy 1 or 2 sessions/week, 60 minutes/session, 3 months VAS, NDI, ROM
von Trott et al. (2009) RCT T = 77, I = 38, C = 39 I = 75.9 ± 7.6, C = 76.0 ± 7.2 F = 95%, M = 5% Qigong vs. exercise therapy 2 sessions/week, 45 minutes/session, 3 months VAS, NPDS, SF-36
Rendant et al. (2011) RCT T = 81, I = 42, C = 39 I = 44.7 ± 10.8, C = 44.4 ± 10.9 I:F = 85%, M = 14%, C:F = 89.7%, M = 10.3% Qigong vs. exercise therapy 1 session/week, 90 minutes/session, 3 months VAS, NPDS, GSE, SF-36
Lansinger et al. (2013) RCT T = 122, I = 60, C = 62 I = 44.9 ± 12.3, C = 42.8 ± 1.4 F = 70%, M = 30% Qigong vs. exercise therapy 10–12 sessions/week or biweekly, 60 minutes/session, 3 months SF-36
Hu et al. (2014) RCT T = 250, I = 125, C = 125 I = 44.55 ± 12.42, C = 45.02 ± 12.2, 1 F = 138, M = 112 12-words-for-life-nurturing exercise vs. no treatment 1 session/week, approximately 40 minutes/session, 3 months VAS, NDI, SF-36
Lauche et al. (2016) RCT T = 75, I = 38, C = 37 I = 52.0 ± 10.9, C = 47.0 ± 12.3 F = 91, M = 23 Tai chi vs. neck exercise 1 session/week, 75–90 minutes/session, 3 months VAS, POM, NDI, SF-36

Abbreviations: RCT: randomized controlled trial; I/C: intervention/control group; T: total number of participants; VAS: visual analogue scale; NDI: neck disability index; NPDS: neck pain and disability scale; SF-36: 36-item short-form health survey; ROM: range of motion; GSE: general self-efficacy scale; POM: pain on movement.