Table 3.
Risk of bias assessment of all 42 studies included.
| Study | Risk of bias assessment of the studies |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Score | |
| Studies reporting proportion of injury incidence | |||||||||||
| Altman and Davis (2016)21 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7/10 |
| Jakobsen et al. (1994)22 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7/10 |
| Nielsen et al. (2014)23 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 8/10 |
| Hespanhol Jr et al. (2017)24 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 6/10 |
| Messier et al. (2018)25 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 8/10 |
| Rauh et al. (2000)26 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | 8/10 |
| von Rosen et al. (2017)27 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 8/10 |
| Van Ginckel et al. (2009)28 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | 7/10 |
| Hespanhol Jr et al. (2016)29 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | 6/10 |
| Ruffe et al. (2019)30 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 8/10 |
| Begizew et al. (2019)31 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 8/10 |
| van Poppel et al. (2014)32 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7/10 |
| Hespanhol Jr et al. (2013)33 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | 6/10 |
| Fokkema et al. (2019)34 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7/10 |
| Franke et al. (2019)35 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | 5/10 |
| Rauh et al. (2014)36 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | 6/10 |
| van der Worp et al. (2016)37 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | 7/10 |
| Kluitenberg et al. (2015)38 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | 6/10 |
| Walter et al. (1989)39 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | 6/10 |
| Pileggi et al. (2010)40 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | 7/10 |
| Scheer and Murray (2011a)41 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 7/10 |
| Hutson (1984a)42 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 7/10 |
| Fallon (1996a)43 | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 6/10 |
| Bishop and Fallon (1999a)44 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 8/10 |
| Studies reporting proportion of injury prevalence | |||||||||||
| Van Middelkoop et al. (2008)9 | Y | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 6/9 |
| McKean et al. (2006)45 | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | Y | N | N | Y | N | 4/9 |
| Macintyre et al. (1991)46 | N | N | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 4/9 |
| Taunton et al. (2002)47 | Y | N | N | N | N/A | N | Y | Y | N | N | 3/9 |
| Ristolainen et al. (2010)48 | Y | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 6/9 |
| Paty Jr and Swafford (1984)49 | N | N | Y | N | N/A | N | Y | Y | N/A | N | 3/8 |
| Brubaker and James (1974)50 | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | N | Y | Y | N/A | N | 4/8 |
| Tenforde et al. (2011)51 | N | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | N | N | 4/9 |
| Knobloch et al. (2008)52 | Y | Y | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | N | N/A | Y | 6/8 |
| Schwellnus and Stubbs (2006)53 | Y | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 6/9 |
| Benca et al. (2020)54 | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 6/9 |
| Marti et al. (1988)55 | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 5/9 |
| Maughan and Miller (1983)56 | N | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 5/9 |
| Jacobs and Berson (1986)57 | Y | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | N | N | 5/9 |
| Kerr et al. (2016)58 | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | N | N | Y | 5/9 |
| Williams 3rd et al. (2001)59 | N | N | Y | N | N/A | Y | N | Y | N/A | N | 3/8 |
| Ogwumike and Adeniyi (2013)60 | N | Y | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N | 6/8 |
| Hespanhol Jr et al. (2012)61 | Y | Y | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | N | N/A | N | 5/8 |
Notes: 1 = injury definition; 2 = prospective study design for incidence proportion or cross-sectional for prevalence proportion; 3 = description or type of runners; 4 = random sample selection process or analyzed entire population; 5 = analysis ≥80% of sample; 6 = injury was evaluated by health professional or self-reported by the runner; 7 = same mode of data collection; 8 = medical doctor diagnosis; 9 = prospective studies follow-up period of ≥6 months and retrospective studies recall period of up to 12 months; 10 = running-related musculoskeletal injuries reported by any ratio that expresses the number of injuries and exposure of runner.
a Ultramarathon studies
Abbreviations: N = no; N/A = not applicable; Y = yes.