Table 1.
Anthropometric, biochemical parameters and microvascular function of the study subjects according to obesity status.
| Parameters | Non-obese (n = 227) (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) |
Overweight (n = 67) (25 ≤ BMI < 30) |
Obese (n = 185) (BMI ≥ 30) |
Pϛ value | MHO (n = 87) | MetsO (n = 77) | Pϛϛ value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic parameters | |||||||
| Gender (males/females) | 101/126 | 34/33 | 92/93 | 0.42 | 37/40 | 48/39 | 0.23 |
| Age (years) | 34.81 ± 0.73 | 39.52 ± 1.53** | 41.79 ± 0.81*** | 0.000 | 40.38 ± 1.30 | 43.10 ± 1.13 | 0.000 |
| Anthropometric parameters | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.87 ± 0.13 | 28.12 ± 0.12*** | 37.69 ± 0.50***### | 0.000 | 35.93 ± 0.70 | 38.52 ± 0.78§§ | 0.000 |
| WC (cm) | 79.93 ± 0.71 | 97.64 ± 1.05*** | 115.63 ± 1.06***### | 0.000 | 110.64 ± 1.51 | 118.98 ± 1.48§§§ | 0.000 |
| HC (cm) | 95.07 ± 0.72 | 107.64 ± 0.91*** | 123.31 ± 1.12***### | 0.000 | 120.79 ± 1.68 | 123.88 ± 1.63 | 0.000 |
| WHR | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.01*** | 0.93 ± 0.006***### | 0.000 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.96 ± 0.008§§ | 0.000 |
| WHtR | 0.47 ± 0.004 | 0.57 ± 0.006*** | 0.70 ± 0.006***### | 0.000 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.72 ± 0.009§§ | 0.000 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.2 ± 0.6 | 122.8 ± 3.0 | 126.4 ± 0.13*** | 0.000 | 119.1 ± 1.6 | 133.0 ± 1.8 §§§ | 0.000 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.7 ± 0.4 | 81.3 ± 1.5*** | 81.8 ± 0.07*** | 0.000 | 77.5 ± 1.0 | 85.3 ± 1.0 §§§ | 0.000 |
| Biochemical parameters | |||||||
| hs-CRP (mg/dl) | 1.28 ± 0.18 | 6.36 ± 1.01*** | 5.79 ± 0.42*** | 0.000 | 5.61 ± 0.6 | 5.90 ± 0.64 | 0.000 |
| FG (mmol/l) | 5.18 ± 0.11 | 5.32 ± 0.17 | 5.91 ± 0.12***### | 0.000 | 5.30 ± 0.12 | 6.46 ± 0.19§§§ | 0.000 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.14 ± 0.05 | 1.55 ± 0.16*** | 1.62 ± 0.06*** | 0.000 | 1.57 ± 0.08 | 1.51 ± 0.11 | 0.000 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.45 ± 0.08 | 4.73 ± 0.13 | 4.98 ± 0.07***# | 0.000 | 4.92 ± 0.10 | 5.15 ± 0.11 | 0.000 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.26 ± 0.03 | 1.21 ± 0.04 | 1.11 ± 0.02*** | 0.000 | 1.26 ± 0.04 | 1.01 ± 0.02§§§ | 0.000 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.67 ± 0.07 | 2.83 ± 0.11 | 3.16 ± 0.07***# | 0.000 | 3.10 ± 0.11 | 3.25 ± 0.11 | 0.000 |
| LDL-C/HDL-Cratio | 2.37 ± 0.07 | 2.54 ± 0.15 | 3.05 ± 0.11***# | 0.000 | 2.68 ± 0.15 | 3.37 ± 0.17§§ | 0.000 |
| TC/HDL-Cratio | 3.76 ± 0.10 | 4.11 ± 0.17 | 4.63 ± 0.13***# | 0.000 | 4.03 ± 0.16 | 5.17 ± 0.20§§§ | 0.000 |
| Microvascular function |
Non-obese (n = 35) (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) |
Overweight (n = 13) (25 ≤ BMI < 30) |
Obese (n = 38) (BMI ≥ 30) |
Pϛ value | MHO (n = 17) | MetsO (n = 19) | Pϛϛ value |
| Basal CVC (PU/mm Hg) | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.056 ± 0.003** | 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.005 | 0.05 ± 0.004§ | 0.01 |
| Peak ACh-CVC (PU/ mm Hg) | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.03** | 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.27 ± 0.04§ | 0.03 |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Pϛ indicates statistical differences intergroups (non-obese, overweight and obese subjects). Pϛϛ indicates statistical differences intergroups (non-obese, MHO and MetsO). *P < 0.05 vs non-obese. **P < 0.01 vs non-obese. ***P < 0.001 vs non-obese. #P < 0.05 vs overweight. ###P < 0.001 vs overweight. §P < 0.05 vs MHO. §§P < 0.01 vs MHO. §§§P < 0.001 vs MHO.
Ach acetylcholine, ApoA1 apolipoprotein A1, ApoB apolipoprotein B, BMI body mass index, CVC Cutaneous vascular conductance, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FG fasting glucose, HC hip circumference, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hsCRP high sensitivity C reactive protein, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, MetsO Metabolic syndrome obese, MHO Metabolic healthy obese, SBP systolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, WC waist circumference, WHR waist to hip ratio, WHtR waist to height ratio. The sum does not add up to the total (MetsO/MHO) because of a few missing criteria in obese people.